Psychology in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Brain research in Practice - Essay Example Others have referenced the possibility of likeness and relatedness, showing that an individual is bound to help another dependent on a hereditary evaluation of the circumstance and the craving to help those of their particular genetic supply. Another prosocial thought is that people carry on as per the hypothesis of equal charitableness, where people help other people in the desire for accepting something consequently. People may likewise help other people when confronted with blame or the need to reimburse a decent deed that was recently done to them. This is known as blame or reparative philanthropy (Wetering). Then again, circumstances exist in which people probably won't be slanted to help. Circumstances of moralistic animosity may emerge, in which individuals feel that others are exploiting their selfless propensities, and in such cases they probably won't be slanted to help. Such is regularly the situation in bigger urban areas where miscreants are able to exist. Unpretentious cheating and mimicry flourish, through which individuals may claim to be in trouble so as to inspire unselfish conduct. Such circumstances are probably going to make moralistic hostility emerge in people as a defensive instrument (Wetering). The social setting likewise decides the kind of conduct one can anticipate from an individual. As indicated by the Darley and Latanã © study done in 1968, an individual is bound to support another on the off chance that the person is the main accessible assistant in the circumstance. This hypothesis is much the same as others concerning swarms. Territories that are packed or occupied will in general contain individuals who are less inclined to help in a desperate circumstance. This may be because of their being in a rush or it may rely on the possibility that swarms or busier regions are bound to contain entrepreneurial people. In such cases examples may likewise acquire so that in spite of such factors as social or cultural standards, in a group, the onlooker

Experimental Aircraft Association Analysis of a Discourse Community Essay Example For Students

Test Aircraft Association: Analysis of a Discourse Community Essay Flying close by the mists at high heights; to hear nothing aside from the contemplations in my mind and to go to far away goals on an end of the week is only a portion of the reasons I appreciate flying. I begin promptly toward the beginning of the day taking off to the nearby air terminal. Around then toward the beginning of the day, I can feel the chill noticeable all around. It is so peaceful toward the start of first light. I know when I am near the air terminal; I can smell the aeronautics fuel consuming from the airplane on the runway. When I show up, I head directly to the airplane storage where I left my airplane the earlier day. Next, I would stroll around the airplane to do a visual assessment of any harm to the airplane that may have been done on a past flight. In the event that there is some minor harm, I log it in †¦show more content†¦ Flying nearby the mists at high heights; to hear nothing aside from the considerations in my mind and to go to far away goals on an end of the week is only a portion of the reasons I appreciate flying. I begin promptly in the first part of the day taking off to the neighborhood air terminal. Around then in the first part of the day, I can feel the chill noticeable all around. It is so calm toward the start of sunrise. I know when I am near the air terminal; I can smell the flight fuel consuming from the airplane on the runway. When I show up, I head directly to the airplane shelter where I left my airplane the earlier day. Next, I would stroll around the airplane to do a visual review of any harm to the airplane that may have been done on a past flight. On the off chance that there is some minor harm, I log it in my flight log. When I am finished with the starter outside investigations, I move inside the flight lodge where I set the instruments for the day’s flight. When the instruments are set, I split my window somewhat and holler, â€Å"CLEAR.† I turn the way in to one side; the propeller begins to turn with a clang, thump sound; out of nowhere the motor becomes animated. Goodness, what an inclination that is to hear the motor springs up. I place my headset on my head and state, â€Å"Clermont, WNS77 with radio check, Clermont.† The pinnacle answers with, â€Å"Clermont, WNS77 radio check, burden and clear, Clermont.† The excitement of flying has consistently had a spot in my heart and being a piece of the Experimental Aviation Association, otherwise called EAA, has assist me with feeling nearer to my wants .

17 Must-Read Romance Novels for Aspiring Authors

17 Must-Read Romance Novels for Aspiring Authors Its a tale as old as timeâ€"Two lovers meet and sparks fly. They face seemingly insurmountable odds, yet find a way to be together despite them. Outside forces seek to tear them apart but they find a way to live happily ever after.From Jane Austen to modern retellings of Jane Austen, the romance genre has encountered many changes but the formula of the storyâ€"in many casesâ€"remains the same. With this in mind, weve compiled a list of 17 must-read romance novels, both newly published in 2019 and works of the classic romance canon, for aspiring authors of the genre.Aspiring authors in the romance genre should read the classics, along with newly-published novels to see what publishers are accepting. Photo by photo-nic.co.uk nic on UnsplashNewly PublishedAmerican Dreamer by Adriana Herrera (March 26, 2019)American Dreamer tells of the unlikely romance between two men from different worlds. Nesto Vasquez is a workaholic Dominican American who decides to move Afro-Caribbean food truck fr om New York City to upstate New Yorkâ€"a move that forces him to return to a day job he hates. Jude Fuller is a quiet librarian who enjoys the safe life he has built on the shores of Cayuga Lake, but knows a loneliness that even his amazing friends cant completely cure. That, in addition to being ostracized by his family after coming out make it hard for him to let down his guard. When he tries Ithacas most-talked-about new lunch spot, he meets Nesto. Can the two find the happily ever after theyve both dreamt of, but never found before?The Overdue Life of Amy Byler by Kelly Harms (May 1, 2019)The Overdue Life of Amy Byler begins with a predictable scenario thats far too common in real life (and in chick lit). Having been abandoned by her husband, who left her for a younger woman and moved far away, the overworked, stressed out single mother of two teenagers gets a needed break from the same man who broke her heartâ€"the chance to reinvent herself and spend some quality time alone in New York City.With shopping sprees followed by nights out on the town with friends and a few blind dates, Amy meets a man who melts her heart. However, she knows she must return to her former life in rural Pennsylvania, and to her kids who she loves dearly, leaving her newly discovered self behind in the city. Or does she?One reviewer writes:Amys journey was poignant, touching, and at times, hilarious! …There is a seriousness to this book, too, as Amy struggles with guilt and angst over her kids, and somehow trying to do the right thing for everyone, at the same time realizing how much she likes this new Amy that she discovers in NYC. As a certified bookworm, I loved that a lot of the book was devoted to books; the love of books, and getting kids to love books, and I loved that they used the word unputdownable to describe a book, because thats exactly what this book wasâ€"unputdownable!Susan Peterson, Amazon reviewerFor any woman who has tried to put the pieces back together afte r feeling the sting of lost love and abandonment, Amys story is the exact type of book that makes for an excellent escape from the ordinaryâ€"for the protagonist and reader alike.Pride, Prejudice, and Other Flavors by Sonali Dev (May 7, 2019)A theme that seems to be running through many of 2019s newly published romance novels is diversity, and Pride, Prejudice, and Other Flavors manages it beautifully. Written by award-winning author Sonali Dev, this novel begins the story of the Rajes, an immigrant Indian familyâ€"once descended from royalty, but now building their lives as Americans in San Francisco.The protagonist is Dr. Trisha Raje, an acclaimed neurosurgeon, who also happens to be the black sheep of her influential immigrant family. Shes always been taught to never trust an outsider, never do anything to jeopardize her brothers political aspirations, and to never, EVER defy her familyâ€"rules that shes broken before.Enter chef DJ Caine, a man who has known judgement from the up per class and whose pedigree is far from prestigious. Its a clash of cultures and classes, but something in DJs desserts make Trisha forget about those insignificant hurdles.This story is a gender-swapping, intercultural retelling that will impress any aspiring author seeking ways to retell old love stories with a modern spin. After all, if love doesnt break boundaries and pull the carpet from beneath stubborn tradition, what good is it?The Bride Test by Helen Hoang (May 7, 2019)True love knows no boundaries and Helen Hoang, USA Today bestselling author of The Kiss Quotient, knows how to tell a story to prove that point. The Bride Test is about love that crosses international borders and obstacles of disability, showing that there is always someone out there thats perfect for you, even when you see imperfections in yourself.The Bride Test is the story of Khai Diep, who feels defective because he has Autism, and avoids relationships for that exact reason. When he meets a mixed-race g irl living in the slums of Ho Chi Minh City, he realizes that there is someone else who feels out of place in a world that seems to work against her. Her name is Esme Tran and she hopes to seduce Khai in order to move to the United States and be his brideâ€"a challenge she isnt quite prepared for, as she learns what it means to love someone who processes emotion differently.For anyone who considers themselves to be broken and unlovable, this endearing story will reassure you of how love with the right person will make you a better version of yourself.Rebel (Women Who Dare) by Beverly Jenkins (May 28, 2019)If youre a fan of historical romance, be sure to read Beverly Jenkins new novel portrayal of the turbulent and violent atmosphere of Reconstruction-era New Orleans. Jenkins has been nominated for the NAACP Image Award in Literature and has been playing a significant role in bringing a multicultural cast of characters to a genre that hasnt always showed such diversity.Rebel is the f irst novel in the Women Who Dare series and it follows the life of a Northern woman, Valinda Lacy, living in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. As Valinda works to help build her newly emancipated community, she becomes the target for thugs set on refusing to allow change.Enter Captain Drake LeVeq, an architect from an old New Orleans family who was raised by strong women. Their passion makes an already heated city burn hotter and begins a series sure to appeal to readers of the subgenre.Prince of Killers: A Fog City Novel by Layla Reyne (June 10, 2019)As book one in a new romantic suspense series written by Layla Reyne, Prince of Killers tells the story of Hawes Madigan, the soon-to-be king of an organization of assassins that goes by three rules: No indiscriminate killing, no collateral damage, and no unvetted targets.When the devilishly handsome, confident private investigator Dante Perry enters his life with the news that someone within his own organization is out to k ill him, chaos ensues. Hawes falls for Dante hard and depends on him for protection, but hes also harboring a secret that could get him killed for telling. Its romantic intrigue full of sweetness and passion, against a backdrop of betrayal that you wont see coming.Fix Her Up: A Novel by Tessa Bailey (June 11, 2019)What happens when the town clown decides its time to focus on herself and her life and finally get a date? Fix Her Up happens, and itss for anyone who has ever been treated like the kid sister of far too many potential lovers.Its the story of Georgette (Georgie) Castle, whose family runs the most well-respected home renovation business in town, but shes just not interested in continuing the family tradition. Shed rather make people laugh but she knows that if shes going to ever have a decent love life, she needs to do some self-renovation of her own.Enter the towns favorite sports star and tabloid favorite, Travis Ford, an ex-major league baseball rookie who now flips hous es for a living due to an injury that ended his sports career. Georgie is his best friends sister who tells him she wants to pretend to date, to shock her family, and help him land a new job. What could possibly go wrong?This romantic comedy is full of hilarity, steamy passion, and a blueprint for aspiring rom-com authors who want just the right mix of love and laughter.One reviewer writes:This book had it all - definitely the sizzling romance between Georgie and Travis, but also a sense of finding and believing in yourself, messy family dynamics and a great girls club to bond over. Thank you, Tessa Bailey for writing an amazing book and for giving me a new author to binge read.Readaholic19, Amazon reviewerThe Friend Zone by Abby Jimenez (June 11, 2019)Lauded as one of the Good Housekeeping Best New Books for Summer 2019 The Friend Zone is as hilarious as it is a tear jerker, and a story that discusses the realities of infertility with a lot of heart.Kristen Peterson will undergo a medically necessary procedure that will make it impossible for her to have children. When she meets Josh Copeland, the best man at her best friends wedding, she knows shes met her perfect matchâ€"a man who doesnt get offended at her sarcasm and who even her dog seems to adore. However, theres one catch. Josh wants a familyâ€"a large one in factâ€"and its the one thing Kristen cant give him.This debut novel from Food Network champion Abby Jimenez deftly explores the realities of infertility and takes readers on a heartfelt journey into the laughter and tears surrounding the topic. For aspiring writers who want to tackle difficult topics with a fresh, modern perspective, its a great example to follow.One reviewer writes, Abby Jimenez has mad writing chops for reducing me into an utter pile of useless feels rooting for each and every character. I loved every single moment Kristen and Josh were in the pages.The Ladys Guide to Celestial Mechanics: Feminine Pursuits (July 23, 2019)Regency romance has its own decisive place within the romance canon, but The Ladys Guide to Celestial Mechanics shows a side thats rarely observed although desperately needed in an attempt to revive a popular, yet stifled, subgenre. One Amazon reviewer writes, This was poetic and lovely, full of beautiful descriptions that knew exactly how to leave you breathless and then stop just before tipping into tedious. That it also was about two women who loved each other and strived to make a place for themselves in male-centric Regency England made it all the better.The love story follows the lives of the widowed Catherine St Day, Countess of Moth, and Lucy Muchelney, a translator looking for a fresh start after suffering through her ex-lovers sham of a wedding. In the process of translating a groundbreaking French astronomy text, written by the Countess late husband, Lucy finds a challenge in the work, as well as attempting to avoid the allure of her employer. Its a tale of star-crossed lovers t hat is as old as the trope itself, and sure to inspire any aspiring romance novelist who doesnt care to stay within confined boundaries.A tale of star-crossed lovers is a romance trope that still stands the test of time. Photo by Allef Vinicius on Unsplash.The ClassicsRomeo and Juliet by William ShakespeareNo true romance list would be complete without the epitome of a star-crossed love affair in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet.This classic tale of love is set in the middle of violence and generational conflict, as two young people fall in love despite their parents status as sworn enemies. The Montagues and the Capulets maintain a blood feud while their children, Juliet and Romeo, attempt to leave the bloodshed behind and bask in the love they have found in each other. Their plan almost works, but fate has another plan.In a time when most romance requires a feel-good ending, Romeo and Juliet remains the perfect tragic love story and should be read by anyone hoping to publish a bestselling romance novel. Its still the standard by which all great love stories are set and alluded to often in modern-day storytelling because of its solid place in the genre.Gone with the Wind by Margaret MitchellAs a Pulitzer Prize winner and nominated as one of Americas best-loved novels by PBSs The Great American Read, Gone with the Wind is an epic love story that follows the lives of Scarlett OHara and Rhett Butlerâ€"two of the most famous lovers ever imagined since Romeo and Juliet. With haunting scenes from the Civil War and Reconstruction era, Gone with the Wind is a timeless story of survival and family drama caught in the whirlwind of a war that would forever change them and the landscape they call home.Wuthering Heights by Emily BronteIf you like your romance on the dark side, Wuthering Heights might just be the classic for you. It is the story of the tragic love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, an orphan adopted by Catherines father. When Heathcliff wrongl y assumes that Catherine doesnt return his love, he leaves their home doesnt return until years later. By this time, Catherine has married the wealthy Edgar Linton, and Heathcliff has married Edgars sister to inherit her money.As you can imagine, the story doesnt end well. Its a story of unrequited love and the tragedy that ensues when two lovers who are destined to be together cannot do so.Pride and Prejudice by Jane AustenSet in rural England in the early 19th century, Pride and Prejudice is a classic story about the differences between marrying for love and marrying for money. While her sisters are quite content to be wed to a man with means, Elizabeth Bennet, the headstrong one, insists on marrying for love instead.Written as a novel of manners, Pride and Prejudice is among the most well-known in the regency romance subgenre, as well as one of the most-read books in the English canon, having sold over 20 million copies. Beyond its significance as a classic, it contains enough co medy, irony, and endearing characters to keep any romance enthusiast turning pages.The Thorn Birds by Colleen McCulloughAs an epic love story that spans generations, The Thorn Birds is a passionate love story set on Drogheda, a sheep station in the Australian Outback. It tells of the tragic romance of Meggie Cleary and Father Ralph de Bricassart. a Roman Catholic priest who has known her since she was young. Following one idyllic weekend, their love is consummated and the result is enough to turn their worlds upside down.To understand this love story, one must only look at the title. It refers to the legend of a bird that sings just once in its life, more sweetly than any other, but only at the cost of great pain.Anna Karenina by Leo TolstoyIn writing this article, it becomes clear that many of the classic love stories involved tragedy and ill-fated love. Anna Karenina is one such story.It is a tale the unhappily married Anna Karenina, her refusal to accept her fate in a loveless ma rriage, and her tragic and passionate affair with Count Vronsky. While much of the novel deals with the scandal they create in social circles, other themes addressed are betrayal, faith, family, marriage, Imperial Russian society, desire, and rural vs. city life. Any romance novelist seeking to explore these same themes should return to this masterpiece to understand how the book became such a worldwide classic.Doctor Zhivago by Boris PasternakFirst published in Italy in 1957, Doctor Zhivago is the story of the life of a poet/physician during the Russian Revolution. Despite the embarrassment it caused the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it won the author the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958.While the novel focuses on themes of loneliness and disillusionment with revolutionary ideas, as Pasternaks alter ego, the protagonists life is interrupted by the war and by his love for Lara, the wife of a revolutionary. It contains beautiful, romantic poetry and focuses on a love story t hat is swept up in political and social changes that threaten its fate. As an example of the beauty and romanticism throughout, here is part of a poem in the novel:Take your palm off of my breast,We are high-tension wires,Watch out, or by accident we may beThrown together again.Years will pass, you will get married,And forget all this disorder.To be a woman is a giant step,To drive men mad - heroic.While at the miracle of a womans arms,Shoulders, and back, and neck,Ive stood in reverence all my lifeLike a devoted servant.But howsoever night may bind meWith its anguished coil,Strongest of all is the pull away,The passion for a clean break.Excerpt from A Final TalkJane Eyre by Charlotte BrontëJane Eyre is a classic gothic romance set in Northern England. Jane, the protagonist, accepts a position at Thornfield manor, where she teaches a young French girl named Adèle. The girls father, and Janes employer, is a dark, brooding man named Rochester, with whom Jane falls in love.However, t here are secrets at Thornfield manor that Jane could not anticipate, and when shes thrust into the middle of them, its a struggle that costs much for the love of her life. For anyone who enjoys gothic tales of family secrets and ghostly apparitions, Jane Eyre is a classic that doles out much of it.The Notebook by Nicholas SparksWhile more recently published than the other classics in romance Ive listed, The Notebook holds its own against the rest. Set in post-World War II North Carolina, it tells the story of socialite Allie Nelson and the man who lost her a decade earlier, Noah Calhoun. Although Nelson is getting ready to marry her wealthy fiancé, she cant forget the boy from long ago who captured her heart and wouldnt let it go.For any aspiring romance novelist who wants to weave a tale of heartbreak and finding ones true soulmate, while telling a story that spans decades and shows love that just wont quit, The Notebook is one you shouldnt miss.

Psychological Perspectives On Delinquency, Psychodynamic,...

Over the years we have seen the transition of many different policies and practices take place within the juvenile justice system. These same policies and practices are bombarded with theories that aid in crime deterrence. Since the 18th century, theorists have worked diligently to prove just how accurate their research has been. In support of this study there are three major psychological perspectives on delinquency, psychodynamic, the behavioral, and cognitive theories. For Instance, psychodynamic theory based on the research of Sigmund Freud. Psychodynamic theory says that youth crime is a result of unresolved mental pain and internal struggle. People violate the law due to abnormal personality structures made earlier in life and that controls human behavior choices (Seigel Welsh, 2012). Freud gave three major types of components that make up the human personality. Id is the abandoned, simple, pleasure seeking factor with which each child is born. The Ego progresses through the reality of living in the world and helps manage and restrain the id’s need for immediate gratification. The Super Ego develops through connections with parents and other significant people and signifies the development of conscience and moral rules shared by most adults (Carney, 2015). Id indicates needs and desires, while the super ego counters the id by fostering feelings of morality and righteousness. The ego evaluates the reality of a position between these two e xtremes. If these componentsShow MoreRelatedCjus 230 Final Paper4022 Words   |  17 PagesThe Effects of Family Structure and Values on Juvenile Delinquency Christina M. Bracey 201240 Fall 2012 CJUS 230-B02 LUO Professor DeBoer Liberty University Online October 12, 2012 Abstract The changes in family values and structure in the United States has helped contribute to juvenile delinquency today. Society needs to recognize problems within the home before trying to find solutions to problems for todays at risk youth in America. Major structural changes inside of the home couldRead MoreThe Case Of Jeffrey Dahmer Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesDNA be the reason for his impulses to kill? Many theories criticize the biological perspective, but the studies of those who commit murder suggest the biological theory could be accurate. I. Introduction First, psychological theory suggests that a person’s environment and past can influence their ability and desire to commit crime while biological theory suggest a person’s DNA makeup could influence their ability to commit crime. â€Å"Biological theories within the field of criminology attempt to explainRead MoreInsight Into Criminal Behavior Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesus a better understanding from several fields of study of a better understanding of crime. Influential factors that influence criminal behaviors are psychological, sociological, and biological. How do we help rehabilitate criminals? Each approach agrees on a criminal’s devotion to aggressive behavior, but they differ in their conclusions. Psychological involves personality, addressing certain felt needs, and defective mental processes. Sociological deals with cause and control of criminality. The socialRead MoreInvestigating Crime and Relevant Issues Essay7311 Words   |  30 Pagescrime . Forensic psychology attempts to apply psychological principles to the criminal justice system. For many years psychologists have tried to explain why some individuals will continue to commit crime. There are now several different psychological approaches that are used to explain crime, including the biological approach, the behaviourist approach, the humanistic approach, the cognitive approach, and the psychodynamic approach. Biological Approach TheRead MoreDeterrence Theory Of The Criminal Justice System2120 Words   |  9 PagesUnit 2 DB1 Deterrence Theory Deterrence theory has many ideas as to what constitute deterrence. Some researchers think that it is the main purposes of our criminal justice system. They do agree that it is the main goal when it comes down to discouraging society from committing criminal deeds. Because, of fear of punishment for committing a crime. Some researcher would have you believe that the most powerful deterrent we have is our criminal justice system, because they are the ones that will makeRead More Fernando, 16, Finds a Sanctuary in Crime Essay3380 Words   |  14 PagesResearch indicates that a combination of adverse socio-economic factors such as poverty, abusive or neglectful parents, and living in a violent environment, along with personal vulnerabilities such as impulsivity, puts a child at risk for delinquency and crime (Barnet Barnet, 1998). Fernando’s story depicts how individual factors interact with environmental factors to shape an individual’s life. Social influence: Family and neighborhood Research shows that risk for crime behavior is worsenedRead MoreEssay in Social Work Theory3575 Words   |  15 PagesMODULE NAME: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIAL WORK ASSIGNMENT TITLE: Choose at least two social work theories; explain their main principles, advantages and disadvantages and apply them to the assessment, planning and intervention in one of the case studies provided below. Discuss your rationale for choosing the theories selected. Case Study 2: Ramesh Ramesh is 45 year old Sri Lankan man who works as a telephone engineer. He lives alone, but for many years he looked after his elderlyRead MoreIncarceration of Children in Conflict with the Law in the Philippines: The Blurred Lines1904 Words   |  8 Pagesaffected by experience and the mass media. However, it must be remembered that the law exists for the benefit and protection of everyone. Therefore, CICL should not be incarcerated like an adult because their unlawful behavior is influenced by psychological immaturity, is further worsened when they are placed in prison, and is ultimately compelled by negative external influences. The Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act 9344 or the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006 defines theRead MoreWhat Causes Adhd And How That Might Be Compatible With A Medication Intervention?3573 Words   |  15 Pagescauses, psychological and neurobiological perspectives are the most commonly evoked to conceptualize the disorder. Proponents of the psychological perspective are divided into two major groups of theories: top-down theories and bottom-up theories. Top down process emphasize some form of cognitive control, while bottom-up process emphasize motivational or energetic factors. For the present discussion, I will focus on top-down theory of ADHD, given that Barkley’s executive functioning theory is basedRead MoreContemporary Applications of Schools in Psychology8487 Words   |  34 Pagessometimes perceived as competing forces, each  perspective  has contributed to our understanding of psychology. Some of the major schools of thought in psychology are Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt psychology, Behaviorism, Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Psychology. Each school in psychology followed a certain viewpoint or perspective that defined it and its research and treatment methods. From each distinctive viewpoint there arose unique theories and concepts that can be seen applied widely

John Milton s Paradise Lost - 985 Words

John Milton’s Paradise Lost is a paradox of morality and character definitions. After reading multiple articles, the largest concerning topic was the hero status of an inherently evil character. The issue lies within defining what a hero is and is not in terms of epic poetry. John Milton’s refusal to clarify a hero shows this paradox he has created is a something that he meant to achieve. According to Mary Nyquist in The Father s Word/Satan s Wrath, â€Å"The text seems here not just to invite, but to provoke interpretation, the dictatorial arbitrariness of the utterance being noticeably amplified by the blank silence of Paradise Lost on its meaning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (191). Satan s fatal flaws, ever present inner struggles, his determination to wage war against an adversary, and the general defining characteristics at the time are supporting evidence for claiming Satan to be the hero. The issue of defining a hero stems from the different educated branches studying the work. A Christian Theologian’s definition will be the opposite of Satan’s character. That being said the working definition of an epic hero for this paper will be the seven most common traits found among claimed epic heroes. The first is noble birth, followed by capable of deeds of great strength and courage, great warrior, travels over a vast setting, national heroism, a perceived fall from grace, and faces supernatural and internal struggles. Not all of these requirements must be met, but most would agree that a majority canShow MoreRelatedJohn Milton s Paradise Lost1636 Words   |  7 Pagessense to the readers, but would also influence how the readers understood those topics. John Milton’s, Paradise Lost, is a series of twelve Books that tell the story of creation and the world’s first sin, and he relates that to the political distress that was occurring in the sevent eenth century and his political agenda in trying to advocate a Parliamentary system versus a monarchy. Throughout his novel, Milton focuses a great deal of time creating a backstory for Satan, who is the protagonist. AdamRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost1738 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Milton sought to a very ambitious thing with his greatest work, Paradise Lost. He boldly asserted himself to the epic tradition, the most difficult genre. Further, the goal of his writing was perhaps the hardest topic a human being can engage with, the problem of evil. At the risk of being cliche, the old adage, â€Å"If you lose your faith over anything less than the problem of evil, you are simply not thinking.† seems fitting. Milton seems at least, whatever his faults, to understand the weightRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost1442 Words   |  6 Pages(Name) (Instructor) (Course) (Date) Heroism in John Milton’s Paradise Lost There are many definitions of a hero, and establishing the hero in John Milton’s Paradise Lost has been object to scholarly debate. One definition of a hero is that by Aristotle, who defined a hero as a person who is divine and superhuman. However, other definitions encompass the aspect of virtue in heroism. Despite all the definitions for a hero, it remains factual that a hero would be someone that the readers would delightRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1071 Words   |  5 Pages Writing AP Exam Essays Advanced Placement English Literature Composition Name Juan Linares Major Work Data Page Paradise Lost Writer/Nationality John Milton/ UK 1608-1674 Theme/Meanings of the work as a whole Disobedience plays a key role in the unfolding of Milton’s poem. Satan disobeys God because God gave him free will, and causes Eve to disobey Adam, to disobey God. Justification of God. Death must happen to the world but because of the Son, DeathRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1852 Words   |  8 Pagesnot merely summarize the plot. (2010 AP Literature and Composition) Disobedience and Exile an Analysis of Satan from Milton’s Paradise Lost John Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost, has been the subject of criticism and interpretation through many years; these interpretations concur in that Adam and Eve are the sufferers of the poem, and it is their blight to lose Paradise because of their disobedience; however, their exile is merely a plight brought by Satan, and it is he who suffers exile beforeRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost 1328 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Mezian Professor Mylander English 589 14 November 2016 Paradise Lost Essay In his epic poem titled Paradise Lost, John Milton describes his work as a process to justify â€Å"the ways of God to men†. In terms of the personal and individual, Milton’s main concern was between a man’s relationship and God. With this, comes the very idea of free will itself. One can define free will as the ability and freedom to choose between different possible courses of action. Not only is free will portrayed inRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost1528 Words   |  7 Pagesfree world. God judges no one and forgives all for his or her sins. God is an honest being. The last statement might not be the case in John Milton’s Paradise Lost. The fall of Adam and Eve is truly a tragic tale. Some suggest that their fall could have been prevented. However, after close examination, one can believe that it might not be that simple in Paradise Lost. God displays some questionable actions in the process that eventually leads to the fall. While not the popular opinion to some, God isRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost921 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Milton’s Paradise Lost continues the epic tradition developed by the ancient Greek and Roman poets. Composed in exact imitation of its predecessors, the work depicts all characteristics of a traditional epic poem—including the epic hero, a powerful embodiment of societal values. Milton presents his hero in a most unpredictable form: Satan. Despite the unorthodox oddity, the former archangel exhibits the conventions of an epic hero. Milton’s forced perception of Satan as the hero of the poemRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost1686 Words   |  7 Pagesand bled into the writing it produced. John Milton’s Paradise Lost is no exception to this, as it explores human sexuality and gender roles. It has been argued that when Adam and Eve are described as â€Å"Two of far nobler shape erect and tall,/ Godlike erect† (4.288-289) there is no distinction between the two , and that they are being portrayed, even by Satan, as equal. This is the reader’s first introduction to Eve who, based on these two lines from Paradise Lost, is Adam’s equivalent in power and inRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost1212 Words   |  5 PagesIn the epic, Paradise Lost, John Milton’s, characters dramatically establish theme. Milton tells the story of Adam and Eve, as well as the story of Satan’s rebellion against God. Milton emphasizes the major theme of â€Å"Man’s disobedience† through his representation of Adam and Eve and also partly through the interactions between Satan and God. Man’s disobedience in â€Å"Paradise Lost,† is defined by Sin. The word Sin is defined as the act of going against the law of God. In the epic, Adam, Eve, Satan

Overfishing the World Big Fish Population Free Essays

Over Fishing the World Big Fish Population Insert your Name Here SCI275 Axia College of University of Phoenix The overfishing of our world’s oceans is causing a depletion of some prize fish, such as tuna and swordfish, to the point that some scientists believe that 90% of these big fish populations have been fished out. Jeremy Jackson of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography published a study in 2001 in which he asserts that overfishing is more destructive than toxic pollution or degrading water quality (University of Phoenix,  2007). Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Overfishing the World Big Fish Population or any similar topic only for you Order Now Daniel Pauly, Professor and Director of the University of British Columbia’s Fisheries Centre, describes it as follow on The Overfishing. org   (2007) website: â€Å"The big fish, the bill fish, the groupers, the big things will be gone. It is happening now. If things go unchecked, we’ll have a sea full of little horrible things that nobody wants to eat. We might end up with a marine junkyard dominated by plankton† (Fishing down the food web,  para. 1). Among the scientific community there is little argument on how to resolve this issue. Research has found that the situation is reversible if addressed now, but states that it will require a change in attitude in how we are using the oceans (University of Phoenix,  2007). To address this issue now, so that we may sustain the world’s big fish population for future generations, we must create a plan of action that includes the following steps (Young Peoples Trust for the Environment,  n.. d. ). Begin with quotas on fish. We can base this quota on scientific estimates of which fish are the most severely depleted, and adjustments can be made to the quotas according to reassessments done every few years as we monitor the repletion of the fish populations. †¢ Larger nets must also be used. As the big fish population has declined, mesh size has gotten smaller. We must increase this back to the original mesh size used perhaps 40 years ago, to allow the smaller fish to escape a nd continue to grow and breed. International agreements to protect important habitats, such as spawning and nursing grounds of these endangered big fish. †¢ Create a system that monitors the catch being brought in by fisheries, and independent fishermen, worldwide. Perhaps assessing severe fines for those caught exceeding the quotas placed on the endangered fish, or fishing in controlled waters, so that the penalty would exceed the expected gain. Educate fishermen on the fact that by following this plan, they are not losing their income but, in fact, helping to preserve their livelihood Most commercial fishermen, such as Pete DuPruis, who owns and operates his own fishing vessel on the Pacific Ocean, will see this as a challenge to their ability to earn a living. DuPruis and his fellow fishermen must be educated to realize that by following the guidelines, we will ensure their livelihood for many years, and the industry for future generations of commercial fishermen. A presentation should be made mandatory, as part of renewing the commercial fishing license, showing the declining numbers in the big fish groups, and how by following these guidelines, we can sustain their industry and the fish population both. Once made to understand that only through these efforts can the world continue to rely on the ocean’s population as a source of food, and that all fishermen worldwide will be held to the same standards, the fishermen should go along with the management plan, even if not happy about it. On the other side of the issue, environmentalists should be happy to help implement and provide data for this initiative to restock the world’s big fish population. By putting this plan into practice, we will also resolve the other problems created by over fishing, as it effects not only the depleted fish population, but also the animals for which those fish are food of choice. Whales are turning to sea otters for food, rather than the sea lions and eals on which they normally feed, as those populations also decline. Over fishing has also caused the use, as stated earlier, of smaller mesh nets, increasing the amount of by catch that is caught in the nets. By catch is the seabirds, dolphins, sea turtles, and even whales that are also caught in the net as they drag it in, and are usually dumped back into the ocean, dead or dying. A drastic reduction in the amount of by catch will subsequently occur with the reinstating of the larger mesh nets. The management plan may cause fishermen to have to look into a second source of income for the first five to ten years, as the most severe restrictions are put into place, giving the fish populations can breed and repopulate, and a reassessment to be done by the scientific community charged with monitoring the big fish groups. Governments might be forced to subsidize the industry for this initial period, to help prevent illegal poaching by some fishermen who saw poaching as their only economic alternative. Consumers would have to reduce their use of fish, and would have to pay more for the fish they did purchase at the market during this period of regeneration, but the result should be the reduction of prices after the fish populations have been restored. The encouraging news is that, by employing this simple plan for the restoration and future sustainment of our ocean’s big fish populations, we will be able to enjoy them as a food source for the foreseeable future. Referecences Overfishing. org. (2007). Overfishing – a global disaster. Retrieved November 07,2009 from http://overfishing. org/pages/why_is_overfishing_a_problem. php University of Phoenix. (2007). Declining fish stock vlr. Retrieved November 07,2009 from University of Phoenix, SCI275 – Environmental Science website at https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/axia/sci275/multimedia/video/declinining_fish_stock. htm Young Peoples Trust for the Environment. (n.. d. ). Over fishing. Retrieved November 08,2009 from http://www. ypte. org. uk/environmental/over-fishing/29 How to cite Overfishing the World Big Fish Population, Papers

Social Influences on Behavior Towards understanding Depression and Alcoholism based on Social Situations

In our daily endeavors, we go through social experiences that impact upon our behavior in major ways. The society itself is a conglomeration of many laws, moral obligations, and values that dictates how members should behave (Schueler, 1997). Though we may not agree with some laws set by society, we are forced to toe the line due to the repercussions that may follow.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior: Towards understanding Depression and Alcoholism based on Social Situations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from societal regulations, there exist a myriad of other social experiences that affects our behavior and interaction with others. For instance, marriage as a social institution greatly influences behavior in that married men are no longer expected to behave like school boys. Behavior can also be negatively affected by social experiences (Smith Mackie, 2000). It is the purpos e of this essay to examine some basic notions of human interaction through examining depression and alcoholism behaviors as influenced by social experiences. Brief Overview of Human Interaction According to Schueler (1997), â€Å"†¦behavior refers to the actions or reactions of persons or things in response to external or internal stimuli† (para. 2). Behavioral psychologists are of the opinion that social influences affect individual behavior, which in turn affects how such an individual interacts with significant others and with the environment (Haeffel, 2010). Like other social species, individuals live and interact in groups, not mentioning the fact that they largely depend on these social groups for their own survival. There exists a multiplicity of reasons as to why individuals affiliate with each other to form groups (Smith Mackie, 2000). For instance individuals may come together to raise funds for a sick relative or for business purposes. Apart from the above st ated reasons, it is evidently clear that many factors come into play to attract individuals to each other (Smith Mackie, 2000). Some of these factors, according to the author, include proximity, similarity, interpersonal rewards, and physical attractiveness. It is also imperative to note that social groups are founded on both dispositional and situational variables. According to Smith Mackie (2002), dispositional variables entails the personalities, values, worldviews, and attitudes of the people that are interacting in a group, while situational variables comprise of the particular characteristics of the situation that interacts with particular characteristics of the individual or individuals to produce behavior. Human behavior Social Situations: The Case of Depression Alcoholism Depression can be described as a common mental disorder mostly characterized by mood swings, loss of interest, guilt feelings, lack of concentration, and feelings of low self-worth (WHO, 2010).Advertis ing Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, alcoholism can be described as prolonged and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages that turns out to be injurious to ones health (Book Randall, 2002). In both examples, human behavior is affected by particular social situations to occasion long-term problems as shown below. Haeffel Mathews (2010) posits that â€Å"†¦interpersonal theories of depression emphasize the importance of aversive interpersonal behaviors and decreased social support as risk factors for depression† (p. 282). The interpersonal theories presuppose that some individuals become more susceptible to depression due to a system of behavior that elicits rejection from the mainstream group. Depressive symptoms are demonstrated as a natural reaction to loss of social support occasioned by the rejection. Here, rejection is the social influence that changes t he behavior of an individual, and can be explained using the concepts of human interaction mentioned above. Specifically, similarity and physical attractiveness factors are likely to contribute to rejection of an individual from a group. According to Smith Mackie (2000), individuals tend to select their casual acquaintances, spouses, and friends based on some shared worldviews, beliefs, attitudes, and interests. According to the social exchange theory, having like-minded friends and acquaintances is a rewarding experience. The precursor of depressive symptoms, therefore, can be described in terms of failing to get like-minded friends or being rejected by a group due to the fact that your attitudes and values do not match what the group stands for. One may also be rejected by a group due to his or her physical appearance. Depressive symptoms lead to high school dropout rates, family breakdowns, and suicide, among others (WHO, 2010). Alcoholism is yet another anti-social behavior tha t is firmly grounded on social influences. Behavioral psychologists assert that group mentality is one of the leading causes of alcoholism and binge drinking (Book Randall, 2002). Alcoholism, however, can be triggered by deep-seated psychological or emotional disturbances, but in most occasions, social influence is the likely culprit. Associating with drinking friends may initially be aroused by the need to belong. According to Baron and Byrne (1994), individuals’ posses a great need to belong to a particular social group for purposes of mutual beneficence. This implies that a group should be able to guarantee more benefits than harm to individual members. Individuals will go to great lengths to make sure that they are not excluded by important others (Smith Mackie, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior: Towards understanding Depression and Alcoholism based on Social Situations specifically for you for only $16 .05 $11/page Learn More For instance, individuals may initially share an interest in watching football together as a group. Assuming that a particular football fan joins a football cheering group whose members like to take excessive alcohol as they cheer their team, the odds are that this new fan is more likely to fall into the trap of alcoholism as he or she attempts to do what it takes to avoid exclusion by the group. In the alcoholism example, concepts of human interaction and attraction that may come into play to ensure that the new member is recruited into the activities of the group include proximity, interpersonal rewards, and similarity (Smith Mackie, 2000). Individuals are known to spend time with others due to the very simple reason of proximity, not mentioning the fact that individuals tend to select their spouses, friends and acquaintances from other individuals who reside in nearby environments. In western countries, members of drinking clubs are known t o control particular pubs in the neighborhood, where they progress their own values, attitudes, perceptions, and drinking culture (Book Randall, 2002). The proximity of the pubs is important to the group, and acts as a glue to stick them together in taking alcohol. As such, new members of such groups often pay the price of getting intoxicated to alcohol to gain attention of other members of the group (Baron Byrne, 1994). Other individuals may join such groups to gain interpersonal rewards that may not be necessarily material (Smith Mackie, 2000). This is inline with the social exchange theories, which opines that relationships are founded on reciprocal rewards. In a football cheering group, the interpersonal reward for engaging in alcohol may be as simple as being permitted to travel with the team in football sessions. In all this, similarity in attitudes and value systems play a fundamental role in keeping the group of ‘alcoholics’ together. As the example reveals, the precursors of alcoholism behavior are firmly rooted in the need to belong to a particular group, the need to gain interpersonal rewards, and the convenience of proximity. On the other hand, the consequences of the behavior are many and varied, ranging from family breakdowns to emotional breakdowns to health-related complications (Book Randall, 2002). All in all, the two examples serve to demonstrate how human behavior changes based on social situations or experiences.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The only phenomenon that can be associated with the selected behaviors is groupthink. According to Smith Mackie (2000), groupthink refers to a type of notion within an extremely cohesive in-group whose affiliates attempt to reduce conflict and reach compromise or consensus without significantly testing or appraising ideas. This phenomenon forms the basis for an individual to engage in negative activities such as alcoholism basically because other members of the group are doing the same. In some instances, no rationale is used at all to engage in alcohol, and the only excuse offered is that one has to do what the other members of the group are doing to derive the sense of belonging. According to Smith Mackie (2000) social facilitation and social loafing can only reinforce positive behaviors, which is not the case in the examples used. Conclusion It is evidently clear that the exhibited behaviors certainly require therapeutic interventions. Both alcoholism and depressive behaviors a re known to weigh heavily on the victims’ psychological, social, mental, physical, and spiritual wellbeing, not mentioning the fact they present serious health risks to the individuals concerned and their families (Haeffel Mathew, 2010; Book Randall, 2002). Depression can lead to suicide while alcoholism makes an individual to become socially unacceptable by the mainstream society. The victims of these conditions end up being dejected, and may turn their frustration to family members and other close relatives if necessary interventions are not put in place. As such, therapeutic interventions by a competent counselor are needed. In both cases, emphasis should be laid on the social influences that lead to the respective behaviors. Reference List Baron, S.W., Randall, C.L. (1994). Social psychology: understanding human interaction. Allyn Bacon. Book, S.W., Randall, C.L. (2002). Social anxiety disorder alcohol use. Alcohol Research Health 26(1): 345-360. Haeffel, G.J., Ma thew, A.R. (2010). Inside thoughts and outside influences: cognitive vulnerability moderates the effects of decreases in perceived social support on depressive symptoms. Journal of Social Clinical Psychology 29(3): 281-300. Schueler, G. (1997). Social influences of behavior. Web. Smith, E.R., Mackie, D.M. (2000). Social Psychology, 2nd Ed. E. Sussex: Psychology Press World Health Organization. (2010). Depression. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/ This essay on Social Influences on Behavior: Towards understanding Depression and Alcoholism based on Social Situations was written and submitted by user Christina Wagner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Institutional Pharmacy Setting Essays

Institutional Pharmacy Setting Essays Institutional Pharmacy Setting Essay Institutional Pharmacy Setting Essay Pharmacy Setting latrice HCP 210 December 5, 2010 Patrice Daniels Institutional Pharmacy Setting Pharmacy Institutional setting is a service provided 24 hours a day 365 (Johnston, 2006) days a year. Most Institutional pharmacy provides blister pack medications to ensure the safety and quality to the patient. Institutional pharmacy are design to provide safe and secure prescriptions most of the time the patients are on site within the pharmacy. Pharmacist works hand and hand with doctors, Physical Therapist, and nurses to provide consultations and feedback to the doctors if needed. Not only does an institutional pharmacy provide quality care they also allow for patients to return unused and unopened medications for credits (Johnston, 2006). Pharmacy Technicians has a wide variety of task to do in an institutional pharmacy. There responsibility includes data collection and reporting, they will manage inventory and billing as well as formulary maintenance. Technicians must perform surveys and inspections on patient’s rooms for medications, while conducting inspections audits are done on the narcotic inventory. Technicians are also responsible for maintaining the crash carts for emergencies. Education is vital to this field of work because it require focus and lots of thinking. Although technicians have to educate themselves, they also have to attend in-service meetings and assist in organizing and maintain the medical library (Johnston, 2006). As a part of every day duties the pharmacy has to be stocked with supplies and medications used this will include ordering drugs as well. Technicians also perform maintenance on the devices use like fax machines and printers and so forth. Before a technician can perform in a pharmacy setting like an institutional pharmacy, they should have adequate training because it so important and patient’s lives are at risks. Medications are dispensed in an institutional pharmacy the same way it is in an ambulatory pharmacy. The prescription may be called in, faxed from the doctor. It may even be done electronically from the computer system. All prescriptions must include patient’s name, birth date, room number and bed number (Johnston, 2006). The actual prescription must include name of the medication, strength, route to administer, how often given (Johnston, 2006). All prescriptions must include the prescriber signature and depending on the medication, state law requires a (DEA). Once the pharmacy has received the prescription the medication is processed filled and billed. Verification is the one of the last steps done before the technician deliver it to the floor. Most of the time the hospitals and long term care facilities keep floor stock handy. Orders can range from IV’s, TPN’s, unit dose, so depending on the written order will determine what will be processed from the pharmacy. The two pharmacies differ in many ways; an institutional pharmacy is available 24 hours a day 7 days a week where other pharmacies are not open. The main differences the institutional pharmacies deal with many sterile drugs, chemo drugs and aseptic techniques. In an ambulatory pharmacy one cannot bring back medications whether it is open or not this is per state law where permitted. An institutional pharmacy does a more variety of medications then a noninstitutional pharmacy, most institutional pharmacies perform many injectable, IV drugs and unit dose packaging. Just as working in a noninstitutional pharmacy, drugs may not be available or may be discontinued. The doctor may send the prescription for a dose that may be available in that strength. In addition, the doctor or representative may leave out the patient’s date of birth. The most common one I have seen is where the doctor misses the dispense quantity. The doctor can also confuse the two patients together with same name. One of the things that may be unique is getting a patient mixed up with another patient and not having the drug available. Although working in an institutional pharmacy may be challenging it can be interesting as well. I have discussed in this paper the the roles a technician has as well as the process it take to prepare a prescription in an institutional pharmacy. It is very important that the doctors and staff work together as a team to ensure the safety of the patient and the quality that is expected of them. Technicians not only perform more tasks at an institutional pharmacy but they require more intense training. The importance of the pharmacy is to satisfy the patients and that is most important. Reference Johnston, M. (2006). The Pharmacy Technician Series: Fundamentals of Pharmacy Practice. Upper Saddle, NJ: Prectice Hall.

Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte, Military Commander

Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte, Military Commander Napoleon Bonaparte (August 15, 1769–May 5, 1821), one of the greatest military commanders in history, was the twice-emperor of France whose military endeavors and sheer personality dominated Europe for a decade. In military affairs, legal issues, economics, politics, technology, culture, and society in general, his actions influenced the course of European history for over a century, and some argue, to this very day. Fast Facts: Napoleon Bonaparte Known For: Emperor of France, conqueror of much of EuropeAlso Known As: Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon 1st of France, The Little Corporal, The CorsicanBorn: August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, CorsicaParents: Carlo Buonaparte, Letizia RamolinoDied: May 5, 1821 on Saint Helena, United KingdomPublished Works: Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), a pro-republican pamphlet (1793); the Napoleonic Code, the French civil code (1804); authorized the publication of Description de lÉgypte, a multivolume work authored by dozens of scholars detailing Egypts archeology, topography, and natural history (1809-1821)Awards and Honors: Founder and grand master of the Legion of Honor (1802), the Order of the Iron Crown (1805), the Order of the Reunion (1811)Spouse(s): Josephine de Beauharnais (m. March 8, 1796–Jan. 10, 1810), Marie-Louise (m. April 2, 1810–May 5, 1821)Children: Napoleon IINotable Quote: Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it m ay perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the principles which direct them. Early Life Napoleon was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on August 15, 1769, to Carlo Buonaparte, a lawyer and political opportunist, and his wife Marie-Letizia. The Buonapartes were a wealthy family from the Corsican nobility, although when compared to the great aristocracies of France, Napoleons kin were poor. Napoleon entered the military academy at Brienne in 1779. He moved to the Parisian École Royale Militaire in 1784 and graduated a year later as a second lieutenant in the artillery. Spurred on by his fathers death in February 1785, the future emperor had completed in one year a course that often took three. Early Career Despite being posted on the French mainland, Napoleon was able to spend much of the next eight years in Corsica thanks to his ferocious letter writing and rule-bending, as well as the effects of the French Revolution (which led to the French Revolutionary Wars) and sheer good luck. There he played an active part in political and military matters, initially supporting the Corsican rebel Pasquale Paoli, a former patron of Carlo Buonaparte. Military promotion also followed, but Napoleon became opposed to Paoli and when civil war erupted in 1793 the Buonapartes fled to France, where they adopted the French version of their name: Bonaparte. The French Revolution had decimated the republics officer class and favored individuals could achieve swift promotion, but Napoleons fortunes rose and fell as one set of patrons came and went. By December 1793, Napoleon was the hero of Toulon, a general and favorite of Augustin Robespierre; shortly after the wheel of revolution turned and Napoleon was arrested for treason. Tremendous political flexibility saved him and the patronage of Vicomte Paul de Barras, soon to be one of Frances three Directors, followed. Napoleon became a hero again in 1795, defending the government from angry counter-revolutionary forces; Baras rewarded Napoleon by promoting him to high military office, a position with access to the political spine of France. Napoleon swiftly grew into one of the countrys most respected military authorities, largely by never keeping his opinions to himself, and he married Josephine de Beauharnais in 1796. Rise to Power In 1796, France attacked Austria. Napoleon was given command of the Army of Italy, whereupon he welded a young, starving and disgruntled army into a force which won victory after victory against theoretically stronger Austrian opponents. Napoleon returned to France in 1797 as the nations brightest star, having fully emerged from the need for a patron. Ever a great self-publicist, he maintained the profile of a political independent, thanks partly to the newspapers he now ran. In May 1798, Napoleon left for a campaign in Egypt and Syria, prompted by his desire for fresh victories, the French need to threaten Britains empire in India and the Directorys concerns that their famous general might seize power. The Egyptian campaign was a military failure (although it had a great cultural impact) and a change of government in France caused Bonaparte to leave- some might say abandon- his army and return in the August 1799. Shortly after he took part in the Brumaire coup of November 1799, finishing as a member of the Consulate, Frances new ruling triumvirate. First Consul The transfer of power might not have been smooth, owing much to luck and apathy, but Napoleons great political skill was clear; by February 1800, he was established as the First Consul, a practical dictatorship with a constitution wrapped firmly around him. However, France was still at war with her fellows in Europe and Napoleon set out to beat them. He did so within a year, although the key triumph, the Battle of Marengo, fought in June 1800, was won by the French General Desaix. From Reformer to Emperor Having concluded treaties that left Europe at peace, Bonaparte began working on France, reforming the economy, legal system (the famous and enduring Code Napoleon), church, military, education, and government. He studied and commented on minute details, often while traveling with the army, and the reforms continued for most of his rule. Bonaparte exhibited skill as both legislator and statesmen. Napoleons popularity remained high, helped by his mastery of propaganda but also genuine national support, and he was elected Consulate for life by the French people in 1802 and Emperor of France in 1804, a title which he worked hard to maintain and glorify. Initiatives like the Concordat with the Church and the Code helped secure his status. Return to War Europe was not at peace for long. Napoleons fame, ambitions, and character were based on conquest, making it almost inevitable that his reorganized Grande Armà ©e would fight further wars. However, other European countries also sought conflict, for not only did they distrust and fear Napoleon, but they also retained their hostility toward revolutionary France. For the next eight years, Napoleon dominated Europe, fighting and defeating a range of alliances involving combinations of Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia. Sometimes his victories were crushing- such as Austerlitz in 1805, often cited as the greatest military victory ever- and at other times, he was either very lucky, fought almost to a standstill, or both. Napoleon forged new states in Europe, including the German Confederation- built from the ruins of the Holy Roman Empire- and the Duchy of Warsaw, while also installing his family and favorites in positions of great power. The reforms continued and Napoleon had an ever-increasing effect on culture and technology, becoming a patron of both the arts and sciences while stimulating creative responses across Europe. Disaster in Russia The Napoleonic Empire may have shown signs of decline by 1811, including a downturn in diplomatic fortunes and continuing failure in Spain, but such matters were overshadowed by what happened next. In  1812 Napoleon went to war with Russia, assembling a force of over 400,000 soldiers, accompanied by the same number of followers and support. Such an army was almost impossible to feed or adequately control and the Russians repeatedly retreated, destroying the local resources and separating Napoleons army from its supplies. Napoleon continually dithered, eventually reaching Moscow on Sept. 8, 1812, after the Battle of Borodino, a bludgeoning conflict where over 80,000 soldiers died. However, the Russians refused to surrender, instead torching Moscow and forcing Napoleon into a long retreat back to friendly territory. The Grande Armà ©e was assailed by starvation, extremes of weather and terrifying Russian partisans throughout, and by the end of 1812 only 10,000 soldiers were able to fight. Many of the rest had died in horrible conditions, with the camps followers faring even worse. A coup had been attempted in Napoleons absence from France and his enemies in Europe were reinvigorated, forming a grand alliance intent on removing him. Vast numbers of enemy soldiers advanced across Europe toward France, overturning the states Bonaparte had created. The combined forces of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and others just used a simple plan, retreating from the emperor himself and advancing again when he moved to face the next threat. Abdication Throughout 1813 and into 1814 the pressure grew on Napoleon; not only were his enemies grinding his forces down and approaching Paris, but the British had fought out of Spain and into France, the Grande Armà ©es Marshalls were underperforming and Bonaparte had lost the French publics support. Nevertheless, for the first half of 1814 Napoleon exhibited the military genius of his youth, but it was a war he couldnt win alone. On March 30, 1814, Paris surrendered to allied forces without a fight and, facing massive betrayal and impossible military odds, Napoleon abdicated as Emperor of France; he was exiled to the Island of Elba. Second Exile and Death Napoleon made a sensational  return to power in 1815. Traveling to France in secret, he attracted vast support and reclaimed his imperial throne, as well as reorganizing the army and government. After a series of initial engagements, Napoleon was narrowly defeated in one of historys greatest battles: Waterloo. This final adventure had occurred in less than 100 days, closing with Napoleons second abdication on June 25, 1815, whereupon British forces forced him into further exile. Housed on St. Helena, a small rocky island well away from Europe in the South Atlantic Ocean, Napoleons health and character fluctuated; he died within six years, on May 5, 1821, at age 51. Legacy Napoleon helped perpetuate a state of European-wide warfare that lasted for 20 years. Few individuals have ever had such a huge effect on the world, on economics, politics, technology, culture, and society. Napoleon may not have been a general of utter genius, but he was very good; he may not have been the best politician of his age, but he was often superb; he may not have been a perfect legislator, but his contributions were hugely important. Napoleon used his talents- through luck, talent, or force of will- to rise from chaos and then build, lead, and spectacularly destroy an empire before doing it all again in a tiny microcosm one year later. Whether a hero or tyrant, the reverberations were felt across Europe for a century. Sources I, Napoleon. â€Å"Description of Egypt. Second Edition. Antiquities, Volume One (Plates).†Ã‚  WDL RSS, Detroit Publishing Company, 1 Jan. 1970.â€Å"16 Most Remarkable Napoleon Bonaparte Quotes.†Ã‚  Goalcast, Goalcast, 6 Dec. 2018.Editors, History.com. â€Å"Napoleon Bonaparte.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 9 Nov. 2009.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 85

Summary - Essay Example The authors provide useful information by indicating that minority ethnic groups are usually alternative consumers because they have a different culture compared to the mainstream population. The authors indicate that migration usually leads to increased presence of minority ethnic groups within a country. These groups are important, making it fundamental to consider their needs during marketing. In order to reach them, the marketers must embrace marketing strategies that are different from the macro community in the same country. In order to reach out to the minority ethnic groups, the marketers should apply procedures that several companies use when dealing with ethical problems. However, one may question such an ideology based on the divergent opinions from scholars and technocrats. It is impossible to apply organizational techniques to address the marketing needs of minority individuals. It is worth restating that failure to formulate comprehensive techniques would only lead to collapse of a marketing

Walter Rauschenbusch and social theology gospel Essay

Walter Rauschenbusch and social theology gospel - Essay Example The works of Rauschenbusch and his duties as a Protestant pastor were influenced very much by the teachings of Marx and his Communist Manifesto. They were about capital and labor and the dehumanizing condition of the ordinary working American in his time. But he worked with small congregations and he wanted to be near the common workingman. He wrote: I wanted to do hard work for God. Indeed, one of the great thoughts that came upon me was that I ought to follow Jesus Christ in my personal life, and die over again his death. I felt that every Christian ought to participate in the dying of the Lord Jesus Christ, and in that way help to redeem humanity, and it was that thought that gave my life it's fundamental direction in the doing of Christian work. (Kyle Potter) Rauschenbusch began his first long-term pastorate at the Second German Baptist Church in New York, in a poor and dangerous neighborhood called "Hell's Kitchen," on 1 June 1886. He began to evangelize first and foremost, but that his education "in individualistic conservatism" had not prepared him for the poor standards of living, lack of education and danger. Rauschenbusch then decided that industrial crises existed due to the capitalistic system under which the poor struggled, exacerbating sickness, violence, and problems presented by bad food. (Kyle Potter) He wrote in The Social Gospel the inhuman condition that he had observed. In the 90s, he said, he saw "good men go into disreputable lines of employment and respectable widows consent to live with men who would support them and their children" (Rauschenbusch). Such was the condition at the time. Morality was down, there was a lot of poverty, and the system was to some extent inclined to a particular group known as the capitalists or oligarchs, but which were called in Marx and Engel's manifesto the bourgeois, in contrast to the lower class which was the proletariat. Rauschenbusch was not concerned however of the ideology; rather, he was concerned of the Gospel in relation to the suffering of the working man. His writings, and teachings, were aimed to alleviate the plight of the workingman who was being abused and oppressed, and reduced to the lowest serf. The working conditions were worse at that time; the capitalist was only concerned of his capital while the living conditions of the working man, including his family, home, insurance were not being looked into. Rauschenbusch's view of Christianity was that its purpose was to spread a Kingdom of God, not through a fire and brimstone style of preaching but by leading a Christlike life (Wikipedia). Rauschenbusch gave a special emphasis on theology, legitimizing it in mainstream American Protestantism. There is one and major distinction between Karl Marx's communist manifesto and Walter Rauschenbusch's social Gospel theology, and that is the former disregarded the belief in God amid socialism and communism ideas, while the latter connects his theories with the suffering Christ. Rauschenbusch argues that man should relate himself to the crucified Christ. He explained that the Kingdom of God "is not a matter of getting individuals to heaven, but of transforming the life on earth into the harmony of heaven" (Wikipedia). The causes, conditions

SWOT analysis of paint manufacturer Dulux

SWOT analysis of paint manufacturer Dulux ICI Dulux paints is the worlds largest manufacturer of paints and industrial coating.ICI Dulux trade paints is one of the leading paint manufacturers in Britain and has about 130 outlets in the UK. With the increase in demand for broken colour decorative paints effect, dulux trade paints have launched three new products i.e. Duette, sonata, and acrylic scumble glaze in order to meet the demand and customer preferences. These newly launched are targeted at trade customers in the UK. In this case study we will be discussing various stages of marketing. It consists of three crucial stages, SWOT analysis, Market Segmentation and Branding. TASK 1: The marketing audit is the process of taking stock of an organisations internal and external factors. The marketing audit is a fundamental part of the marketing process. The marketing audit is a major exercise which ranges over all the internal and external factors. There are number of tools which can be used such as PEST, Five Forces Analyses and SWOT Analysis. The first two focuses on external environment and SWOT Analysis is used for both internal and external environment. (Brassington and. Pettitt, 2006a) SWOT analysis is one of the best tools in marketing audit. It involves both internal and external environment. It is the overall evaluation of companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The strengths and weaknesses are internal factors and opportunities and threats are external factors. SWOT Analysis enable a business to focus into those areas that present the greatest opportunities and those competencies in which it is strongest. (Pinson, 2001) SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: SWOT Analysis of Dulux Trade Paints: STRENGTHS: It is an internally controlled factor. It enhances the performance of the company. Some of the strengths are as follows: It has a strong brand name and positive reputation in the minds of customers so far them its a great strength of the company ICI Dulux Trade Paints has well established infrastructure. It has a wide range of distribution (merchants and retailers) It has 130 outlets in the UK, the largest of any trade supplier. It provides vide range of colours (52 two-tone colourways). All products are uniquely water-based. WEAKNESSES: It is also an internally controlled factor. It minimizes the performance of the company. Some of the weaknesses are as follows: The major weakness of Dulux Paints is that they dont have their own distribution channels. They have dealers which sell their products in different cities. The public awareness about Dulux paints is not high, mainly because of lack of advertisements and promotions. OPPORTUNITIES: It is an externally controlled factor. Some of the opportunities are as follows: One of the greatest opportunities for Dulux Paints is to increase awareness among the customers regarding high quality paints and newly launched products. Advertisements and promotions can play an important role in achieving it. THREATS: It is also externally controlled factor. Some of the threats are as follows: The biggest threat of Dulux Trade Paints is the increased number of competitors. They are other companies producing the same products; they have captured the market share. So it is a great threat for Dulux Trade Paints. (Kotler. and Keller 2009 ) TASK 2: MARKET SEGMENTATION Market segmentation is defined as the process of identifying different groups of users within a market who could possibly be targeted with separate products or marketing programmes. It can also be defined as dividing the market into groups of potential customers with similar needs and purchase behavior. The idea of dividing market into various segments and targeting each segment with a distinct product is the heart of marketing theory. (Croft 1994.) The main objective of market segmentation is to analyse market fully, finding opportunities and to improve companys competitor position and serve the needs of customers. Management must segment the market according to benefit sought. In this case we will apply business to business segmentation. In B2B segmentation we can focus on organisation as well as on individual buyers within it. B2B market segmentation can involve two stages: Macro segments: are those in which we have to identify subgroups within whole market and Micro segments: are those in which we have to select target segments based on specific buying characteristics. In this case we will define few market segments which are most important in this type of industry and upon which Dulux Trade Paints should consider and target. Size of organisation: The size of an organisation is important in any organisation. As far as Dulux Trade Paint is concerned it must fully focus on large organisation because they consume large percentage of goods as compared to small organisations. Dulux is a brand name, they always come up with innovative ideas and new products like Duette, Sonata and Acrylic Scumble glaze so it will be easier to target large organisations like real estate companies, big organisations, hotels, hospitals etc as large organisations need new products time to time in order to be in competition. Dulux has 52 two tone colour ways available which they can offer to company. Dulux paints need to come up with exciting new offers and promotions so as to attract large organisations like free samples, credit facilities, better quality, discounts etc Purchase Organisations: It can be defined as those organisations which purchase goods and services either for themselves or for other purposes. This is an important segment on which Dulux paints must work. These may include Contractors, Interior designers, Architectures. Contractors: A contractor is an individual or group of people that constructs or renovates a building, road etc. Dulux paints must target contractors for supply of paints required for construction purposes. It covers a large area of market. As these newly launched products are very popular so these products must be in demand for contractor also. Dulux must target contractors depending upon nature size and type of contractors. They should come up with new schemes, promotions, discounts and delivery of goods on time so as to ensure demand and supply. Interior Designers: They are professionals who decorate and organise the interior of any house, building etc. nowadays paints are important part of interiors, Dulux paints come up with decorative paints like Duette which is the latest trend in paint industry. So they must target interior designers to use their products in their projects which will increase the popularity of Duette, sonata and acrylic and helps in creating brand name. Trade Outlets: They are important in any organisation. Dulux trade paints have 130 retail outlets in the UK known as Dulux decorator centres, largest number of outlets of any trade supplier. These outlets should be managed properly. Newly launched products such as Duette, Sonata and Acrylic must be available in those outlets so that they will be easily available as there demand is increasing day by day. Their must be proper contact between company and outlets, moreover there must be proper balance between demand and supply. Customers should be provided with proper guidance regarding colour schemes and good product knowledge. If these outlets are properly targeted and maintained it will be the strength of company and also a great threat for competitors. Hence if all those segments are properly targeted and achieved then the company will reach ahead of its goals and will be a huge success. ( Brassington and. Pettitt,2006b) TASK 3: BRANDING AND POSITIONING Once target market segmentation is selected, we have to promote the organisational offerings to its target markets in a better way. This process is called branding and positioning strategy. The organisation must have an offering that differentiates it from the competitors. It should give a clear identity in the mind of the consumers. Branding: A brand is a name, symbol, design or term, or a combination of them used by manufacturers to identify its products from those of competitors. Today, a brand is the result of a synaptic process in the brain. A brand differentiates a product form those of competitors. It can simply be defined as customers perception about your business. (Bed bury and fenichell, 2002) Dulux is a market leader in the paint industry. The consumer is aware about the Dulux brand name It is much easier for Dulux to market its newly launched products like Duette, sonata and Acrylic. However there are some fundamental principles of branding are as follows: Flexibility: Dulux trade paints are flexible with the changing demands and supply. As the demand for broken colours rise they launched new products in the market. It helped the company in achieving good brand name. The customers are aware about the Dulux brand name Quality: The qualities of the products are fair enough as these products are manufactured by other manufacturers. This helps in maintaining good brand name and increase in sales. Product differentiation: The products differ in price, quality and design as compared to competitors. As Duette comes in 52 two-tone colour ways. These products offer all the benefits of traditional glaze. Consistent: Dulux maintain brand promise and brand standard. These products leave a good effect on consumers. The customer is aware about the quality standards. (Kumar and Mittal, 2002) Positioning: The act of designing the organisations image and offer so that it occupies a distinct place in the target customers. It is about the position a brand occupies in the minds of consumers. It starts with the choosing of a segment in which to compete. (Adock, Bradfield and Ross, 1995) Every product needs a positioning strategy so that it gives a clear position about a specific product in the minds of consumers. In this case there are some strategies which can be targeted. Positioning Against or Associating with another product: Dulux trade paints has to position itself as the ultimate solution for achieving the luxury look with great quality. Its main customers are contractors, large organisations, retailers etc. It has to differentiate itself from other paint companies in order to achieve good name and high volume of sales. Benefits/ Needs: Dulux paints have to provide better benefits to the purchaser so that he will stick to the companys products like huge profit margins discounts etc. Quality/Price: They have to provide better quality and low price as compared to their competitors in order to gain orders from large organisations. Product Features: They have to position it as, the presenting classics. They have to identify product features and differentiate it from other products. (Kotler and Scheff, 1997) Hence if position strategy is constructed on those bases then it will prove fruitful to the company. It will help in achieving good brand name and taking the company ahead of its competitors. REFRENCES: Adock, D. Bradfield, R. and Ross, C. (1995) Marketing Principles and Practice (2nd edn.), p 126-129. London, Pitman Publishing Bedbury, S. (2002) A New Brand World: 8 principles for Achieving Brand Leadership in the 21st century, p11-12. USA, Penguin Group. Croft, M.J. (1994) Market Segmentation. London, Solidus Limited. Kumar, N. and Mittal, R. (2002) Advertising Management. India, Anmol Publications Ltd. Kotler, P. and Scheff, J. (1997) Standing Room Only, p115-118. USA, Harvard Business School. Kotler, P and Keller, K.L. (2009) Marketing Management (13th edn.). USA, Pearson International. Pinson, L. (2001) Anatomy of a Business Plan (5th edn.). USA, Dearborn Trade. Pettit, S. and Brassington, F. (2006) Principles of Marketing (4th edn.). London, Prentice Hall.

Poetry Analysis Essay

What types of things come to mind when you think about success? When I think of someone being a success I think of someone who achieved some type of goal or obtained an honor of some type. The three poems I found talk about what success means to each of the individual writers of these three poems. Each writer has their own personal opinion on what success means to them. These poems are all about success, but you will notice how they are all very different from one another. The first poem is called Success in the Twenty-First Century by Sharon Esther Lampert. This poem talks about all of the things in life we should accomplish before we die and all the things we need to be successful in our goals in life. When I read this poem it reminds me of the things that I have always wanted to do but am yet to accomplish. It is like the author is telling me life is too short to wait, I have to act on my dreams and goals now. Be who you are and do the things that make you happy because one day it will be too late. Success is a very hard thing to come by with all the different obstacles life throws at us all. Make a meaningful contribution to yourself† (Sharon), stay true to who you are and know that you can make it. This is the feeling and emotion I got from Success in the Twenty- First Century by Sharon Ester Lampert. Next is a poem titled Successful Failure by Robert William Service. In the beginning Robert says †I wonder if successful men are always happy? † When I was reading this poem I thought just because you have everything does not necessarily make you happy. The most successful people may have great wealth and nice belongings, but Robert makes a point in saying success can also be a failure. In the simple thought that maybe not being successful in everything is also a good thing. â€Å"Let cottage comfort be my lot with well-worn britches† (William) success is not measured in wealth, this poem made me see that success is being comfortable with who you are and what you have, whether it be success in small goals or large goals. Success should come with happiness not fame and riches. â€Å"I think of all I’ll never own,-I’m laughing† in other words be happy with what you have, some people never get to have half of what you have and they are happy with that. Lastly there is a poem by Emily Dickinson called Success is Counted Sweetest. This poem uses a few different metaphors explaining that those who succeed never truly appreciate it. On the other hand, the one who fails or lacks something is the one who truly appreciate success. These are the type of people who truly appreciate success and how wonderful it would be if they had succeeded. The dilemma in this poem is that those who strive longer to reach a point of success are the ones who appreciate their victory more â€Å"who took the flag today can tell the definition so clear of victory† (Emily). Those who almost succeed but do not can look at their near success as sweet. Think of it due to being so close to success but yet never fully got to the finish line, it’s a sweet feeling to know you were close. Like saying to enjoy nectar and to truly understand all the wonderful aspects of nectar and be satisfied by it not just to scarf it down â€Å"To comprehend a nectar requires sorest need. † (Emily) So have you thought about what success means to you? Success comes in all sorts of different types of forms. There are big success like becoming the CEO of a large company and there small victories like winning first place in a spelling competition, which we also call being successful. Although these poems describe success from different aspects, they all show the emotion behind the moments of success and victory. Success is never a negative thing, but it can become negative if you lose focus on who you are and why you wanted this success to begin with. Be successful for no one else but yourself, after all that is how we accomplish success, on our own. Success in the Twenty-First Century by Sharon Esther Lampert Be Born.

The Cybercrime Convention and the Criminalisation of Child Pornography Related Crimes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2442 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Cyber Security Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION: The use of computers as an instrument to commit crimes is in the increase in this modern age. It is very easy for one to possess and access child pornographic material, particularly through the use of the internet. The cybercrime convention amongst others places a responsibility on member states to make a concerted effort of an acting legislation to combat child pornography related crimes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Cybercrime Convention and the Criminalisation of Child Pornography Related Crimes" essay for you Create order It is important for one to understand what is meant by child pornography and what acts are criminalised or prohibited. It is also important to note that Section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 108 of 1996 which is the supreme law of the Republic of South Africa guarantees the protection of childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. The need for this protection was further echoed in the case of De Reuck v Director of Public Prosecutions, Witwatersrand Local Division and others where in the matter in was reiterated that an intrusion into perpetrator private domain is justified since child pornography and child abuse, happens in the privacy of their homes[1] RELEVANT LEGISLATION. In South Africa the legislation presently dealing with the prohibition of child pornography is the Films and Publications Amendment Act, 3 of 2009. This Act repeals some of the sections of the former Films and Publications Act, 65 of 1996, which also dealt with issues relating to c hild pornography. Child pornography is defined in Section 1 of the Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996 as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Includes any Image, real or simulated, however created, depicting a person who is or who is shown as being under the age of 18 years, engaged in sexual conduct or a display of genitals which amounts to sexual exploitation of participating in, or assisting another person to engage in sexual conduct which amounts to sexual exploitation or degradation of children.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2] Before the enactment of the Films and Publications Amendment Act [3] the legislation dealing with the combating of child pornography was the Films and Publications Act of 1996. Section 27 (i) (a) states that any person who knowingly creates, produces, imports or possess a publication with visual representation of child pornography shall be guilty of an offence. Section 27 (i) (b) prohibited the creation, distribution, production, importation and /or the possession of a film with scenes of child pornography. Furthermore the distribution of a publication that contains visual presentation of amongst others child pornography was prohibited in terms of Section 28 of Act 65 of 1996. The Act defines publication so widely that it includes computer software that is not a film and includes and message or communication including visual presentations placed on any network including but not limited to the internet. OFFENCE CREATING PROVISIONS According to the Films and Publications Amendment Act à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any person who unlawfully possess ,creates ,produces or in any way contributes to, or assists in the creation or production of; imports or in any way takes steps to procure, obtain or access or in any way knowingly assist in, or facilities the importation, or procurement, obtaining or accessing of any film , game or publication which contains depictions, descriptions or scenes of child pornography or which advocates, advertises, encourages or promo tes child pornography or the sexual exploitation of children shall be guilty of an offenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4]. Section 24B(2)(a) criminalises the failure to report to the South African Police Services any knowledge or the suspicion of the commission of any of the offences referred to in sub section (i) LEGALITY AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY One of the key critical issues in taking a decision to prosecute is ensuring that the conduct of the perpetrator complies with the principle of legality and the definition of the crime whether under Common Law or based on a statutory provision[5]. Another aspect that is of critical importance in ensuring a successful prosecution is to establish that the conduct of the perpetrator conforms to the requirements of criminal liability namely; Actus reus Mens rea Unlawfulness Culpability All these requirements must be present at all times and if anyone of them is lacking the perpetrator cannot be held criminally accountable for his deeds. If the perpetrator unknowingly accessed a website containing child pornographic material and immediately closes it, it can easily be argued that he did not have mens rea, in other words that he did not have a guilty mind and that he therefore did not commit any crime. However if he knowingly accessed the said website with the full knowledge that his conduct is wrongful/unlawful and reconciles himself with such insight, it can be argued that he acted with the necessary mens rea and a guilty mind. In other words there has to be no grounds of justification available at the disposal of the perpetrator of the crime. It is clear that even in international jurisdictions perpetrators of child pornographic crimes will always raise fancy defences such as lack of possession, unwittingly accessing a child pornography website, accidental vi ewing etc. In the light of what has been postulated above it is clear that the ability to prosecute successfully will always be influenced amongst others by the way the investigation was conducted Critical to any cybercrime investigation is preserving the integrity of the evidence, it is important to decide and know the following: What to look for( identify the evidence you are looking for); Where to look for the evidence; How to look for the evidence; How to handle the evidence ( for authenticity, credibility, admissibility and evidential value/ weight) By whom was the evidence gathered. It is equally important to ensure that the evidence gathering process is done in a credible way taking into account the due process of the law. Bearing in mind that electronic evidence is very fragile and volatile in nature, every effort must be made to ensure that whatever technique or method is used to obtain or analyse such evidence does not modify, manipulate, alter and/or damage such evidence. Original evidence must preserved in the same condition in which it was found EVIDENCE GATHERING PROCESS A.THE SEARCH Section 20 of the Criminal Procedure Act[6] states the goods or articles which may be seized by the police namely: Articles concerned in the commission of an offence; Articles which may afford evidence of the commission of an offence; Articles intended to be used in the commission of an offence. The Criminal Procedure Act empowers the police to search and seize under the authority of a warrant provided all the requirements have been complied with[7]. Section 22 of the Criminal Procedure Act serves as an exception to the effect where possible the search a seizure should be carried out on the strength of a search warrant, in terms of this section the police may search and seize without a valid warrant under the following circumstances: By obtaining a valid consent; When the police believes on reasonable grounds that if he were to apply for a search warrant it will be issued to him ; When time is of the essence, this will be when circumstances are such that any delay in obtaining the warrant is going to defeat the object of the search ( the destruction of the evidence) CYBER INSPECTORS Section 83 of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act[8] makes provision for a search by cyber inspectors who are appointed by the Director General of the Department of Communications in terms of Section 80 of the said Act. Section 82 (i) of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act gives cyber inspectors wider powers of search and seizure in the performance of their duties. Critical to these powers is the authority to enter nay premises or access any information system that has a bearing on the investigation. Another interesting aspect of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act is that it makes provision for the SAPS and or any statutory body with the authority to search and seize conferred on them by any other law to enlist the help of cyber inspectors to assist in an investigation. THE DYNAMICS OF POSSIBLE DEFENCES In order to effectively address the issues pertaining to possible defences involving the use of a compu ter that are likely to be raised in cases of child pornography particularly issues in relation to lack of possession, unwittingly accessing child pornography websites and accidental viewing, it is critical during the investigation process for one to know once again what to look for, where to look for it, how and why we are looking for it (the consideration of specific issues). It is also important to have regard to international law and precedents, which more often than not prove to have invaluable guidance when dealing with defences of this nature Key to the examination of the computer will be firstly to take photos or video footage of the scene and proceed with the process of the search seizure of the computer and any electronic devices, including floppy disks, cdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, memory stick, digital cameras, zip disks and hard drives. Look also for any photographs and or any magazines in the surrounding area. The collection of the volatile data to its completion will be t he next step followed by a decision whether to unplug the computer from the network of shut down the device. It will also be equally important to make copies of the hard disk, which will be used for analysis purposes whilst preserving the original information on the main computer or hard drive in its original form. In order to rebut some of these possible defences as indicated earlier it will important during the investigation or the analysis process to look at the following: How long does Mr Perver stay on the website; Check for evidence of any delete files; Check for evidence for files moved to the recycle bin; Check for evidence of temporary files downloaded from the internet; Check for additional evidence in the history folders; Investigate the likelihood of Mr Perver having an account on the internet, Investigate Mr Perverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge of the computer, Check whether any child pornographic material was retrieved form the cache, Check for hidden files that have been renamed, Check whether he has ever reported his discovery of child pornography to the police, Check his banking details for payment of his subscription to news groups to access child pornographic websites, Check emails sent and received relating to child pornography, Investigate the number of times the websites were visited, Investigate whether any thumbnail images have been manipulated or enlarged, Check for any evidence for any deletion and how often it is taking place, Investigate whether Mr Perver has a specific password, that allows him access to child pornographic websites , and Look for evidence of any attempt to delete cache. CONCLUSION In the light of what has been postulated above it is clear that Mr Perver accessed six child pornographic websites on 25/01/2015. Section 24 B (1) prohibits any act of possession and or access to child pornography. Mr Perver will therefore have to be charged with six counts of the contravention of Section 24 B (1)(a) for the possession of child pornographic material. In addition to that he can also be charged with six counts of the contravention of Section 24 (1)(c) in that he accessed six pornographic websites on the day in question. It is also respectfully submitted that based on his knowledge of the prohibited acts being carried out in that having accessed the six pornographic websites he became aware that prohibited acts of child pornography are taking place, but failed to report that to the police that he may also be charges with six counts of the contravention of Section 24 B (2)(a). It is respectfully submitted that it is highly unlikely that Mr Perver will unwittingly access six child pornography websites on the same day. The probabilities are that he knowingly and intentionally access these websites. ADMISSIBILITY The issue regarding the admissibility of evidence is a world- wide phenomenon. In the South African context, it is the State that bears the onus of proving the Accusedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. This entails presenting all relevant evidential material before the court. Critical to this exercise is the admissibility and evidential weight of the evidence that is being presented before court. Admissibility simply refers to the acceptance of the evidence. It is important when presenting evidence for one to made a determination as to the type of evidence one is dealing with, the reason why such evidence is being presented and how to present it. This determination will always have an effect on the admissibility requirement of such evidence. Evidential material may consist of oral evid ence, written, documentary and/or real evidence. The admissibility and evidential weight of electronic evidence is regulated by: i)Common Law; ii)Electronic Communications and Transactions Ac, 25 of 2002; iii)Criminal Procedure Act, 51 of 1977; iv)Law of Evidence Amendment Act, 45 of 1988. It is important as initially mentioned to decide when presenting electronic evidence whether it is being presented as real evidence or as documentary evidence, since the admissibility requirements of such evidence is not the same. DOCUMENT Both the common law as well as various other pieces of legislation including the Criminal Procedure Act provide us with a definition of what is a document. What is important to note is that amongst others they define a document in such a way that is has either an ordinary meaning or an extended meaning. (sections 1 and 221(4),(5) of CPA, section 33 of the Civil Proceedings Evidence Act, 25 of 1965. PLUS Case Law) DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATIO N A distinction has to be made between various types of documents since the requirements for admissibility varies depending on the type of a document. Documents may be classified as follows: i)Public documents; ii)Official documents (either public or private) and iii)Private documents. The general rule pertaining to documents is that one has to prove originality, authenticity and the truth of the contents but there are however exceptions to this rule in certain circumstances. There are however exceptions to the requirement of originality in certain circumstances under either the common law or some statutory provisions. When presenting a public document it is not necessary to prove the requirements mentioned above. Section 234 of the Criminal Procedure Act, regulates how an official document is to be presented in court. It needs to be mentioned at this stage that if it is a private official document, one still has to prove the truth of the contents. [1] 2003 (2) SACR 445 (CC) [2] Section 1 of the Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996 [3] Act 3 of 2009 [4] Section 24 B (i)(a)(c) [5] Snyman [6] Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 [7] Section 21 ( see also the following case law THINT (PTY) LTD v NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PERSECUTIONS AND OTHERS; ZUMA AND ANOTHER v NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS AND OTHERS 2008 (2) SACR 421 (CC); MINISTER OF SAFETY AND SECURITY v VAN DER MERWE AND OTHERS 2011 (2) SACR 301 (CC) [8] Act 25 of 2002