Institutional Pharmacy Setting Essays

Institutional Pharmacy Setting Essays Institutional Pharmacy Setting Essay Institutional Pharmacy Setting Essay Pharmacy Setting latrice HCP 210 December 5, 2010 Patrice Daniels Institutional Pharmacy Setting Pharmacy Institutional setting is a service provided 24 hours a day 365 (Johnston, 2006) days a year. Most Institutional pharmacy provides blister pack medications to ensure the safety and quality to the patient. Institutional pharmacy are design to provide safe and secure prescriptions most of the time the patients are on site within the pharmacy. Pharmacist works hand and hand with doctors, Physical Therapist, and nurses to provide consultations and feedback to the doctors if needed. Not only does an institutional pharmacy provide quality care they also allow for patients to return unused and unopened medications for credits (Johnston, 2006). Pharmacy Technicians has a wide variety of task to do in an institutional pharmacy. There responsibility includes data collection and reporting, they will manage inventory and billing as well as formulary maintenance. Technicians must perform surveys and inspections on patient’s rooms for medications, while conducting inspections audits are done on the narcotic inventory. Technicians are also responsible for maintaining the crash carts for emergencies. Education is vital to this field of work because it require focus and lots of thinking. Although technicians have to educate themselves, they also have to attend in-service meetings and assist in organizing and maintain the medical library (Johnston, 2006). As a part of every day duties the pharmacy has to be stocked with supplies and medications used this will include ordering drugs as well. Technicians also perform maintenance on the devices use like fax machines and printers and so forth. Before a technician can perform in a pharmacy setting like an institutional pharmacy, they should have adequate training because it so important and patient’s lives are at risks. Medications are dispensed in an institutional pharmacy the same way it is in an ambulatory pharmacy. The prescription may be called in, faxed from the doctor. It may even be done electronically from the computer system. All prescriptions must include patient’s name, birth date, room number and bed number (Johnston, 2006). The actual prescription must include name of the medication, strength, route to administer, how often given (Johnston, 2006). All prescriptions must include the prescriber signature and depending on the medication, state law requires a (DEA). Once the pharmacy has received the prescription the medication is processed filled and billed. Verification is the one of the last steps done before the technician deliver it to the floor. Most of the time the hospitals and long term care facilities keep floor stock handy. Orders can range from IV’s, TPN’s, unit dose, so depending on the written order will determine what will be processed from the pharmacy. The two pharmacies differ in many ways; an institutional pharmacy is available 24 hours a day 7 days a week where other pharmacies are not open. The main differences the institutional pharmacies deal with many sterile drugs, chemo drugs and aseptic techniques. In an ambulatory pharmacy one cannot bring back medications whether it is open or not this is per state law where permitted. An institutional pharmacy does a more variety of medications then a noninstitutional pharmacy, most institutional pharmacies perform many injectable, IV drugs and unit dose packaging. Just as working in a noninstitutional pharmacy, drugs may not be available or may be discontinued. The doctor may send the prescription for a dose that may be available in that strength. In addition, the doctor or representative may leave out the patient’s date of birth. The most common one I have seen is where the doctor misses the dispense quantity. The doctor can also confuse the two patients together with same name. One of the things that may be unique is getting a patient mixed up with another patient and not having the drug available. Although working in an institutional pharmacy may be challenging it can be interesting as well. I have discussed in this paper the the roles a technician has as well as the process it take to prepare a prescription in an institutional pharmacy. It is very important that the doctors and staff work together as a team to ensure the safety of the patient and the quality that is expected of them. Technicians not only perform more tasks at an institutional pharmacy but they require more intense training. The importance of the pharmacy is to satisfy the patients and that is most important. Reference Johnston, M. (2006). The Pharmacy Technician Series: Fundamentals of Pharmacy Practice. Upper Saddle, NJ: Prectice Hall.

Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte, Military Commander

Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte, Military Commander Napoleon Bonaparte (August 15, 1769–May 5, 1821), one of the greatest military commanders in history, was the twice-emperor of France whose military endeavors and sheer personality dominated Europe for a decade. In military affairs, legal issues, economics, politics, technology, culture, and society in general, his actions influenced the course of European history for over a century, and some argue, to this very day. Fast Facts: Napoleon Bonaparte Known For: Emperor of France, conqueror of much of EuropeAlso Known As: Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon 1st of France, The Little Corporal, The CorsicanBorn: August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, CorsicaParents: Carlo Buonaparte, Letizia RamolinoDied: May 5, 1821 on Saint Helena, United KingdomPublished Works: Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), a pro-republican pamphlet (1793); the Napoleonic Code, the French civil code (1804); authorized the publication of Description de lÉgypte, a multivolume work authored by dozens of scholars detailing Egypts archeology, topography, and natural history (1809-1821)Awards and Honors: Founder and grand master of the Legion of Honor (1802), the Order of the Iron Crown (1805), the Order of the Reunion (1811)Spouse(s): Josephine de Beauharnais (m. March 8, 1796–Jan. 10, 1810), Marie-Louise (m. April 2, 1810–May 5, 1821)Children: Napoleon IINotable Quote: Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it m ay perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the principles which direct them. Early Life Napoleon was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on August 15, 1769, to Carlo Buonaparte, a lawyer and political opportunist, and his wife Marie-Letizia. The Buonapartes were a wealthy family from the Corsican nobility, although when compared to the great aristocracies of France, Napoleons kin were poor. Napoleon entered the military academy at Brienne in 1779. He moved to the Parisian École Royale Militaire in 1784 and graduated a year later as a second lieutenant in the artillery. Spurred on by his fathers death in February 1785, the future emperor had completed in one year a course that often took three. Early Career Despite being posted on the French mainland, Napoleon was able to spend much of the next eight years in Corsica thanks to his ferocious letter writing and rule-bending, as well as the effects of the French Revolution (which led to the French Revolutionary Wars) and sheer good luck. There he played an active part in political and military matters, initially supporting the Corsican rebel Pasquale Paoli, a former patron of Carlo Buonaparte. Military promotion also followed, but Napoleon became opposed to Paoli and when civil war erupted in 1793 the Buonapartes fled to France, where they adopted the French version of their name: Bonaparte. The French Revolution had decimated the republics officer class and favored individuals could achieve swift promotion, but Napoleons fortunes rose and fell as one set of patrons came and went. By December 1793, Napoleon was the hero of Toulon, a general and favorite of Augustin Robespierre; shortly after the wheel of revolution turned and Napoleon was arrested for treason. Tremendous political flexibility saved him and the patronage of Vicomte Paul de Barras, soon to be one of Frances three Directors, followed. Napoleon became a hero again in 1795, defending the government from angry counter-revolutionary forces; Baras rewarded Napoleon by promoting him to high military office, a position with access to the political spine of France. Napoleon swiftly grew into one of the countrys most respected military authorities, largely by never keeping his opinions to himself, and he married Josephine de Beauharnais in 1796. Rise to Power In 1796, France attacked Austria. Napoleon was given command of the Army of Italy, whereupon he welded a young, starving and disgruntled army into a force which won victory after victory against theoretically stronger Austrian opponents. Napoleon returned to France in 1797 as the nations brightest star, having fully emerged from the need for a patron. Ever a great self-publicist, he maintained the profile of a political independent, thanks partly to the newspapers he now ran. In May 1798, Napoleon left for a campaign in Egypt and Syria, prompted by his desire for fresh victories, the French need to threaten Britains empire in India and the Directorys concerns that their famous general might seize power. The Egyptian campaign was a military failure (although it had a great cultural impact) and a change of government in France caused Bonaparte to leave- some might say abandon- his army and return in the August 1799. Shortly after he took part in the Brumaire coup of November 1799, finishing as a member of the Consulate, Frances new ruling triumvirate. First Consul The transfer of power might not have been smooth, owing much to luck and apathy, but Napoleons great political skill was clear; by February 1800, he was established as the First Consul, a practical dictatorship with a constitution wrapped firmly around him. However, France was still at war with her fellows in Europe and Napoleon set out to beat them. He did so within a year, although the key triumph, the Battle of Marengo, fought in June 1800, was won by the French General Desaix. From Reformer to Emperor Having concluded treaties that left Europe at peace, Bonaparte began working on France, reforming the economy, legal system (the famous and enduring Code Napoleon), church, military, education, and government. He studied and commented on minute details, often while traveling with the army, and the reforms continued for most of his rule. Bonaparte exhibited skill as both legislator and statesmen. Napoleons popularity remained high, helped by his mastery of propaganda but also genuine national support, and he was elected Consulate for life by the French people in 1802 and Emperor of France in 1804, a title which he worked hard to maintain and glorify. Initiatives like the Concordat with the Church and the Code helped secure his status. Return to War Europe was not at peace for long. Napoleons fame, ambitions, and character were based on conquest, making it almost inevitable that his reorganized Grande Armà ©e would fight further wars. However, other European countries also sought conflict, for not only did they distrust and fear Napoleon, but they also retained their hostility toward revolutionary France. For the next eight years, Napoleon dominated Europe, fighting and defeating a range of alliances involving combinations of Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia. Sometimes his victories were crushing- such as Austerlitz in 1805, often cited as the greatest military victory ever- and at other times, he was either very lucky, fought almost to a standstill, or both. Napoleon forged new states in Europe, including the German Confederation- built from the ruins of the Holy Roman Empire- and the Duchy of Warsaw, while also installing his family and favorites in positions of great power. The reforms continued and Napoleon had an ever-increasing effect on culture and technology, becoming a patron of both the arts and sciences while stimulating creative responses across Europe. Disaster in Russia The Napoleonic Empire may have shown signs of decline by 1811, including a downturn in diplomatic fortunes and continuing failure in Spain, but such matters were overshadowed by what happened next. In  1812 Napoleon went to war with Russia, assembling a force of over 400,000 soldiers, accompanied by the same number of followers and support. Such an army was almost impossible to feed or adequately control and the Russians repeatedly retreated, destroying the local resources and separating Napoleons army from its supplies. Napoleon continually dithered, eventually reaching Moscow on Sept. 8, 1812, after the Battle of Borodino, a bludgeoning conflict where over 80,000 soldiers died. However, the Russians refused to surrender, instead torching Moscow and forcing Napoleon into a long retreat back to friendly territory. The Grande Armà ©e was assailed by starvation, extremes of weather and terrifying Russian partisans throughout, and by the end of 1812 only 10,000 soldiers were able to fight. Many of the rest had died in horrible conditions, with the camps followers faring even worse. A coup had been attempted in Napoleons absence from France and his enemies in Europe were reinvigorated, forming a grand alliance intent on removing him. Vast numbers of enemy soldiers advanced across Europe toward France, overturning the states Bonaparte had created. The combined forces of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and others just used a simple plan, retreating from the emperor himself and advancing again when he moved to face the next threat. Abdication Throughout 1813 and into 1814 the pressure grew on Napoleon; not only were his enemies grinding his forces down and approaching Paris, but the British had fought out of Spain and into France, the Grande Armà ©es Marshalls were underperforming and Bonaparte had lost the French publics support. Nevertheless, for the first half of 1814 Napoleon exhibited the military genius of his youth, but it was a war he couldnt win alone. On March 30, 1814, Paris surrendered to allied forces without a fight and, facing massive betrayal and impossible military odds, Napoleon abdicated as Emperor of France; he was exiled to the Island of Elba. Second Exile and Death Napoleon made a sensational  return to power in 1815. Traveling to France in secret, he attracted vast support and reclaimed his imperial throne, as well as reorganizing the army and government. After a series of initial engagements, Napoleon was narrowly defeated in one of historys greatest battles: Waterloo. This final adventure had occurred in less than 100 days, closing with Napoleons second abdication on June 25, 1815, whereupon British forces forced him into further exile. Housed on St. Helena, a small rocky island well away from Europe in the South Atlantic Ocean, Napoleons health and character fluctuated; he died within six years, on May 5, 1821, at age 51. Legacy Napoleon helped perpetuate a state of European-wide warfare that lasted for 20 years. Few individuals have ever had such a huge effect on the world, on economics, politics, technology, culture, and society. Napoleon may not have been a general of utter genius, but he was very good; he may not have been the best politician of his age, but he was often superb; he may not have been a perfect legislator, but his contributions were hugely important. Napoleon used his talents- through luck, talent, or force of will- to rise from chaos and then build, lead, and spectacularly destroy an empire before doing it all again in a tiny microcosm one year later. Whether a hero or tyrant, the reverberations were felt across Europe for a century. Sources I, Napoleon. â€Å"Description of Egypt. Second Edition. Antiquities, Volume One (Plates).†Ã‚  WDL RSS, Detroit Publishing Company, 1 Jan. 1970.â€Å"16 Most Remarkable Napoleon Bonaparte Quotes.†Ã‚  Goalcast, Goalcast, 6 Dec. 2018.Editors, History.com. â€Å"Napoleon Bonaparte.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 9 Nov. 2009.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 85

Summary - Essay Example The authors provide useful information by indicating that minority ethnic groups are usually alternative consumers because they have a different culture compared to the mainstream population. The authors indicate that migration usually leads to increased presence of minority ethnic groups within a country. These groups are important, making it fundamental to consider their needs during marketing. In order to reach them, the marketers must embrace marketing strategies that are different from the macro community in the same country. In order to reach out to the minority ethnic groups, the marketers should apply procedures that several companies use when dealing with ethical problems. However, one may question such an ideology based on the divergent opinions from scholars and technocrats. It is impossible to apply organizational techniques to address the marketing needs of minority individuals. It is worth restating that failure to formulate comprehensive techniques would only lead to collapse of a marketing

Walter Rauschenbusch and social theology gospel Essay

Walter Rauschenbusch and social theology gospel - Essay Example The works of Rauschenbusch and his duties as a Protestant pastor were influenced very much by the teachings of Marx and his Communist Manifesto. They were about capital and labor and the dehumanizing condition of the ordinary working American in his time. But he worked with small congregations and he wanted to be near the common workingman. He wrote: I wanted to do hard work for God. Indeed, one of the great thoughts that came upon me was that I ought to follow Jesus Christ in my personal life, and die over again his death. I felt that every Christian ought to participate in the dying of the Lord Jesus Christ, and in that way help to redeem humanity, and it was that thought that gave my life it's fundamental direction in the doing of Christian work. (Kyle Potter) Rauschenbusch began his first long-term pastorate at the Second German Baptist Church in New York, in a poor and dangerous neighborhood called "Hell's Kitchen," on 1 June 1886. He began to evangelize first and foremost, but that his education "in individualistic conservatism" had not prepared him for the poor standards of living, lack of education and danger. Rauschenbusch then decided that industrial crises existed due to the capitalistic system under which the poor struggled, exacerbating sickness, violence, and problems presented by bad food. (Kyle Potter) He wrote in The Social Gospel the inhuman condition that he had observed. In the 90s, he said, he saw "good men go into disreputable lines of employment and respectable widows consent to live with men who would support them and their children" (Rauschenbusch). Such was the condition at the time. Morality was down, there was a lot of poverty, and the system was to some extent inclined to a particular group known as the capitalists or oligarchs, but which were called in Marx and Engel's manifesto the bourgeois, in contrast to the lower class which was the proletariat. Rauschenbusch was not concerned however of the ideology; rather, he was concerned of the Gospel in relation to the suffering of the working man. His writings, and teachings, were aimed to alleviate the plight of the workingman who was being abused and oppressed, and reduced to the lowest serf. The working conditions were worse at that time; the capitalist was only concerned of his capital while the living conditions of the working man, including his family, home, insurance were not being looked into. Rauschenbusch's view of Christianity was that its purpose was to spread a Kingdom of God, not through a fire and brimstone style of preaching but by leading a Christlike life (Wikipedia). Rauschenbusch gave a special emphasis on theology, legitimizing it in mainstream American Protestantism. There is one and major distinction between Karl Marx's communist manifesto and Walter Rauschenbusch's social Gospel theology, and that is the former disregarded the belief in God amid socialism and communism ideas, while the latter connects his theories with the suffering Christ. Rauschenbusch argues that man should relate himself to the crucified Christ. He explained that the Kingdom of God "is not a matter of getting individuals to heaven, but of transforming the life on earth into the harmony of heaven" (Wikipedia). The causes, conditions

SWOT analysis of paint manufacturer Dulux

SWOT analysis of paint manufacturer Dulux ICI Dulux paints is the worlds largest manufacturer of paints and industrial coating.ICI Dulux trade paints is one of the leading paint manufacturers in Britain and has about 130 outlets in the UK. With the increase in demand for broken colour decorative paints effect, dulux trade paints have launched three new products i.e. Duette, sonata, and acrylic scumble glaze in order to meet the demand and customer preferences. These newly launched are targeted at trade customers in the UK. In this case study we will be discussing various stages of marketing. It consists of three crucial stages, SWOT analysis, Market Segmentation and Branding. TASK 1: The marketing audit is the process of taking stock of an organisations internal and external factors. The marketing audit is a fundamental part of the marketing process. The marketing audit is a major exercise which ranges over all the internal and external factors. There are number of tools which can be used such as PEST, Five Forces Analyses and SWOT Analysis. The first two focuses on external environment and SWOT Analysis is used for both internal and external environment. (Brassington and. Pettitt, 2006a) SWOT analysis is one of the best tools in marketing audit. It involves both internal and external environment. It is the overall evaluation of companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The strengths and weaknesses are internal factors and opportunities and threats are external factors. SWOT Analysis enable a business to focus into those areas that present the greatest opportunities and those competencies in which it is strongest. (Pinson, 2001) SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: SWOT Analysis of Dulux Trade Paints: STRENGTHS: It is an internally controlled factor. It enhances the performance of the company. Some of the strengths are as follows: It has a strong brand name and positive reputation in the minds of customers so far them its a great strength of the company ICI Dulux Trade Paints has well established infrastructure. It has a wide range of distribution (merchants and retailers) It has 130 outlets in the UK, the largest of any trade supplier. It provides vide range of colours (52 two-tone colourways). All products are uniquely water-based. WEAKNESSES: It is also an internally controlled factor. It minimizes the performance of the company. Some of the weaknesses are as follows: The major weakness of Dulux Paints is that they dont have their own distribution channels. They have dealers which sell their products in different cities. The public awareness about Dulux paints is not high, mainly because of lack of advertisements and promotions. OPPORTUNITIES: It is an externally controlled factor. Some of the opportunities are as follows: One of the greatest opportunities for Dulux Paints is to increase awareness among the customers regarding high quality paints and newly launched products. Advertisements and promotions can play an important role in achieving it. THREATS: It is also externally controlled factor. Some of the threats are as follows: The biggest threat of Dulux Trade Paints is the increased number of competitors. They are other companies producing the same products; they have captured the market share. So it is a great threat for Dulux Trade Paints. (Kotler. and Keller 2009 ) TASK 2: MARKET SEGMENTATION Market segmentation is defined as the process of identifying different groups of users within a market who could possibly be targeted with separate products or marketing programmes. It can also be defined as dividing the market into groups of potential customers with similar needs and purchase behavior. The idea of dividing market into various segments and targeting each segment with a distinct product is the heart of marketing theory. (Croft 1994.) The main objective of market segmentation is to analyse market fully, finding opportunities and to improve companys competitor position and serve the needs of customers. Management must segment the market according to benefit sought. In this case we will apply business to business segmentation. In B2B segmentation we can focus on organisation as well as on individual buyers within it. B2B market segmentation can involve two stages: Macro segments: are those in which we have to identify subgroups within whole market and Micro segments: are those in which we have to select target segments based on specific buying characteristics. In this case we will define few market segments which are most important in this type of industry and upon which Dulux Trade Paints should consider and target. Size of organisation: The size of an organisation is important in any organisation. As far as Dulux Trade Paint is concerned it must fully focus on large organisation because they consume large percentage of goods as compared to small organisations. Dulux is a brand name, they always come up with innovative ideas and new products like Duette, Sonata and Acrylic Scumble glaze so it will be easier to target large organisations like real estate companies, big organisations, hotels, hospitals etc as large organisations need new products time to time in order to be in competition. Dulux has 52 two tone colour ways available which they can offer to company. Dulux paints need to come up with exciting new offers and promotions so as to attract large organisations like free samples, credit facilities, better quality, discounts etc Purchase Organisations: It can be defined as those organisations which purchase goods and services either for themselves or for other purposes. This is an important segment on which Dulux paints must work. These may include Contractors, Interior designers, Architectures. Contractors: A contractor is an individual or group of people that constructs or renovates a building, road etc. Dulux paints must target contractors for supply of paints required for construction purposes. It covers a large area of market. As these newly launched products are very popular so these products must be in demand for contractor also. Dulux must target contractors depending upon nature size and type of contractors. They should come up with new schemes, promotions, discounts and delivery of goods on time so as to ensure demand and supply. Interior Designers: They are professionals who decorate and organise the interior of any house, building etc. nowadays paints are important part of interiors, Dulux paints come up with decorative paints like Duette which is the latest trend in paint industry. So they must target interior designers to use their products in their projects which will increase the popularity of Duette, sonata and acrylic and helps in creating brand name. Trade Outlets: They are important in any organisation. Dulux trade paints have 130 retail outlets in the UK known as Dulux decorator centres, largest number of outlets of any trade supplier. These outlets should be managed properly. Newly launched products such as Duette, Sonata and Acrylic must be available in those outlets so that they will be easily available as there demand is increasing day by day. Their must be proper contact between company and outlets, moreover there must be proper balance between demand and supply. Customers should be provided with proper guidance regarding colour schemes and good product knowledge. If these outlets are properly targeted and maintained it will be the strength of company and also a great threat for competitors. Hence if all those segments are properly targeted and achieved then the company will reach ahead of its goals and will be a huge success. ( Brassington and. Pettitt,2006b) TASK 3: BRANDING AND POSITIONING Once target market segmentation is selected, we have to promote the organisational offerings to its target markets in a better way. This process is called branding and positioning strategy. The organisation must have an offering that differentiates it from the competitors. It should give a clear identity in the mind of the consumers. Branding: A brand is a name, symbol, design or term, or a combination of them used by manufacturers to identify its products from those of competitors. Today, a brand is the result of a synaptic process in the brain. A brand differentiates a product form those of competitors. It can simply be defined as customers perception about your business. (Bed bury and fenichell, 2002) Dulux is a market leader in the paint industry. The consumer is aware about the Dulux brand name It is much easier for Dulux to market its newly launched products like Duette, sonata and Acrylic. However there are some fundamental principles of branding are as follows: Flexibility: Dulux trade paints are flexible with the changing demands and supply. As the demand for broken colours rise they launched new products in the market. It helped the company in achieving good brand name. The customers are aware about the Dulux brand name Quality: The qualities of the products are fair enough as these products are manufactured by other manufacturers. This helps in maintaining good brand name and increase in sales. Product differentiation: The products differ in price, quality and design as compared to competitors. As Duette comes in 52 two-tone colour ways. These products offer all the benefits of traditional glaze. Consistent: Dulux maintain brand promise and brand standard. These products leave a good effect on consumers. The customer is aware about the quality standards. (Kumar and Mittal, 2002) Positioning: The act of designing the organisations image and offer so that it occupies a distinct place in the target customers. It is about the position a brand occupies in the minds of consumers. It starts with the choosing of a segment in which to compete. (Adock, Bradfield and Ross, 1995) Every product needs a positioning strategy so that it gives a clear position about a specific product in the minds of consumers. In this case there are some strategies which can be targeted. Positioning Against or Associating with another product: Dulux trade paints has to position itself as the ultimate solution for achieving the luxury look with great quality. Its main customers are contractors, large organisations, retailers etc. It has to differentiate itself from other paint companies in order to achieve good name and high volume of sales. Benefits/ Needs: Dulux paints have to provide better benefits to the purchaser so that he will stick to the companys products like huge profit margins discounts etc. Quality/Price: They have to provide better quality and low price as compared to their competitors in order to gain orders from large organisations. Product Features: They have to position it as, the presenting classics. They have to identify product features and differentiate it from other products. (Kotler and Scheff, 1997) Hence if position strategy is constructed on those bases then it will prove fruitful to the company. It will help in achieving good brand name and taking the company ahead of its competitors. REFRENCES: Adock, D. Bradfield, R. and Ross, C. (1995) Marketing Principles and Practice (2nd edn.), p 126-129. London, Pitman Publishing Bedbury, S. (2002) A New Brand World: 8 principles for Achieving Brand Leadership in the 21st century, p11-12. USA, Penguin Group. Croft, M.J. (1994) Market Segmentation. London, Solidus Limited. Kumar, N. and Mittal, R. (2002) Advertising Management. India, Anmol Publications Ltd. Kotler, P. and Scheff, J. (1997) Standing Room Only, p115-118. USA, Harvard Business School. Kotler, P and Keller, K.L. (2009) Marketing Management (13th edn.). USA, Pearson International. Pinson, L. (2001) Anatomy of a Business Plan (5th edn.). USA, Dearborn Trade. Pettit, S. and Brassington, F. (2006) Principles of Marketing (4th edn.). London, Prentice Hall.

Poetry Analysis Essay

What types of things come to mind when you think about success? When I think of someone being a success I think of someone who achieved some type of goal or obtained an honor of some type. The three poems I found talk about what success means to each of the individual writers of these three poems. Each writer has their own personal opinion on what success means to them. These poems are all about success, but you will notice how they are all very different from one another. The first poem is called Success in the Twenty-First Century by Sharon Esther Lampert. This poem talks about all of the things in life we should accomplish before we die and all the things we need to be successful in our goals in life. When I read this poem it reminds me of the things that I have always wanted to do but am yet to accomplish. It is like the author is telling me life is too short to wait, I have to act on my dreams and goals now. Be who you are and do the things that make you happy because one day it will be too late. Success is a very hard thing to come by with all the different obstacles life throws at us all. Make a meaningful contribution to yourself† (Sharon), stay true to who you are and know that you can make it. This is the feeling and emotion I got from Success in the Twenty- First Century by Sharon Ester Lampert. Next is a poem titled Successful Failure by Robert William Service. In the beginning Robert says †I wonder if successful men are always happy? † When I was reading this poem I thought just because you have everything does not necessarily make you happy. The most successful people may have great wealth and nice belongings, but Robert makes a point in saying success can also be a failure. In the simple thought that maybe not being successful in everything is also a good thing. â€Å"Let cottage comfort be my lot with well-worn britches† (William) success is not measured in wealth, this poem made me see that success is being comfortable with who you are and what you have, whether it be success in small goals or large goals. Success should come with happiness not fame and riches. â€Å"I think of all I’ll never own,-I’m laughing† in other words be happy with what you have, some people never get to have half of what you have and they are happy with that. Lastly there is a poem by Emily Dickinson called Success is Counted Sweetest. This poem uses a few different metaphors explaining that those who succeed never truly appreciate it. On the other hand, the one who fails or lacks something is the one who truly appreciate success. These are the type of people who truly appreciate success and how wonderful it would be if they had succeeded. The dilemma in this poem is that those who strive longer to reach a point of success are the ones who appreciate their victory more â€Å"who took the flag today can tell the definition so clear of victory† (Emily). Those who almost succeed but do not can look at their near success as sweet. Think of it due to being so close to success but yet never fully got to the finish line, it’s a sweet feeling to know you were close. Like saying to enjoy nectar and to truly understand all the wonderful aspects of nectar and be satisfied by it not just to scarf it down â€Å"To comprehend a nectar requires sorest need. † (Emily) So have you thought about what success means to you? Success comes in all sorts of different types of forms. There are big success like becoming the CEO of a large company and there small victories like winning first place in a spelling competition, which we also call being successful. Although these poems describe success from different aspects, they all show the emotion behind the moments of success and victory. Success is never a negative thing, but it can become negative if you lose focus on who you are and why you wanted this success to begin with. Be successful for no one else but yourself, after all that is how we accomplish success, on our own. Success in the Twenty-First Century by Sharon Esther Lampert Be Born.

The Cybercrime Convention and the Criminalisation of Child Pornography Related Crimes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2442 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Cyber Security Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION: The use of computers as an instrument to commit crimes is in the increase in this modern age. It is very easy for one to possess and access child pornographic material, particularly through the use of the internet. The cybercrime convention amongst others places a responsibility on member states to make a concerted effort of an acting legislation to combat child pornography related crimes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Cybercrime Convention and the Criminalisation of Child Pornography Related Crimes" essay for you Create order It is important for one to understand what is meant by child pornography and what acts are criminalised or prohibited. It is also important to note that Section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 108 of 1996 which is the supreme law of the Republic of South Africa guarantees the protection of childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. The need for this protection was further echoed in the case of De Reuck v Director of Public Prosecutions, Witwatersrand Local Division and others where in the matter in was reiterated that an intrusion into perpetrator private domain is justified since child pornography and child abuse, happens in the privacy of their homes[1] RELEVANT LEGISLATION. In South Africa the legislation presently dealing with the prohibition of child pornography is the Films and Publications Amendment Act, 3 of 2009. This Act repeals some of the sections of the former Films and Publications Act, 65 of 1996, which also dealt with issues relating to c hild pornography. Child pornography is defined in Section 1 of the Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996 as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Includes any Image, real or simulated, however created, depicting a person who is or who is shown as being under the age of 18 years, engaged in sexual conduct or a display of genitals which amounts to sexual exploitation of participating in, or assisting another person to engage in sexual conduct which amounts to sexual exploitation or degradation of children.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2] Before the enactment of the Films and Publications Amendment Act [3] the legislation dealing with the combating of child pornography was the Films and Publications Act of 1996. Section 27 (i) (a) states that any person who knowingly creates, produces, imports or possess a publication with visual representation of child pornography shall be guilty of an offence. Section 27 (i) (b) prohibited the creation, distribution, production, importation and /or the possession of a film with scenes of child pornography. Furthermore the distribution of a publication that contains visual presentation of amongst others child pornography was prohibited in terms of Section 28 of Act 65 of 1996. The Act defines publication so widely that it includes computer software that is not a film and includes and message or communication including visual presentations placed on any network including but not limited to the internet. OFFENCE CREATING PROVISIONS According to the Films and Publications Amendment Act à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any person who unlawfully possess ,creates ,produces or in any way contributes to, or assists in the creation or production of; imports or in any way takes steps to procure, obtain or access or in any way knowingly assist in, or facilities the importation, or procurement, obtaining or accessing of any film , game or publication which contains depictions, descriptions or scenes of child pornography or which advocates, advertises, encourages or promo tes child pornography or the sexual exploitation of children shall be guilty of an offenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4]. Section 24B(2)(a) criminalises the failure to report to the South African Police Services any knowledge or the suspicion of the commission of any of the offences referred to in sub section (i) LEGALITY AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY One of the key critical issues in taking a decision to prosecute is ensuring that the conduct of the perpetrator complies with the principle of legality and the definition of the crime whether under Common Law or based on a statutory provision[5]. Another aspect that is of critical importance in ensuring a successful prosecution is to establish that the conduct of the perpetrator conforms to the requirements of criminal liability namely; Actus reus Mens rea Unlawfulness Culpability All these requirements must be present at all times and if anyone of them is lacking the perpetrator cannot be held criminally accountable for his deeds. If the perpetrator unknowingly accessed a website containing child pornographic material and immediately closes it, it can easily be argued that he did not have mens rea, in other words that he did not have a guilty mind and that he therefore did not commit any crime. However if he knowingly accessed the said website with the full knowledge that his conduct is wrongful/unlawful and reconciles himself with such insight, it can be argued that he acted with the necessary mens rea and a guilty mind. In other words there has to be no grounds of justification available at the disposal of the perpetrator of the crime. It is clear that even in international jurisdictions perpetrators of child pornographic crimes will always raise fancy defences such as lack of possession, unwittingly accessing a child pornography website, accidental vi ewing etc. In the light of what has been postulated above it is clear that the ability to prosecute successfully will always be influenced amongst others by the way the investigation was conducted Critical to any cybercrime investigation is preserving the integrity of the evidence, it is important to decide and know the following: What to look for( identify the evidence you are looking for); Where to look for the evidence; How to look for the evidence; How to handle the evidence ( for authenticity, credibility, admissibility and evidential value/ weight) By whom was the evidence gathered. It is equally important to ensure that the evidence gathering process is done in a credible way taking into account the due process of the law. Bearing in mind that electronic evidence is very fragile and volatile in nature, every effort must be made to ensure that whatever technique or method is used to obtain or analyse such evidence does not modify, manipulate, alter and/or damage such evidence. Original evidence must preserved in the same condition in which it was found EVIDENCE GATHERING PROCESS A.THE SEARCH Section 20 of the Criminal Procedure Act[6] states the goods or articles which may be seized by the police namely: Articles concerned in the commission of an offence; Articles which may afford evidence of the commission of an offence; Articles intended to be used in the commission of an offence. The Criminal Procedure Act empowers the police to search and seize under the authority of a warrant provided all the requirements have been complied with[7]. Section 22 of the Criminal Procedure Act serves as an exception to the effect where possible the search a seizure should be carried out on the strength of a search warrant, in terms of this section the police may search and seize without a valid warrant under the following circumstances: By obtaining a valid consent; When the police believes on reasonable grounds that if he were to apply for a search warrant it will be issued to him ; When time is of the essence, this will be when circumstances are such that any delay in obtaining the warrant is going to defeat the object of the search ( the destruction of the evidence) CYBER INSPECTORS Section 83 of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act[8] makes provision for a search by cyber inspectors who are appointed by the Director General of the Department of Communications in terms of Section 80 of the said Act. Section 82 (i) of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act gives cyber inspectors wider powers of search and seizure in the performance of their duties. Critical to these powers is the authority to enter nay premises or access any information system that has a bearing on the investigation. Another interesting aspect of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act is that it makes provision for the SAPS and or any statutory body with the authority to search and seize conferred on them by any other law to enlist the help of cyber inspectors to assist in an investigation. THE DYNAMICS OF POSSIBLE DEFENCES In order to effectively address the issues pertaining to possible defences involving the use of a compu ter that are likely to be raised in cases of child pornography particularly issues in relation to lack of possession, unwittingly accessing child pornography websites and accidental viewing, it is critical during the investigation process for one to know once again what to look for, where to look for it, how and why we are looking for it (the consideration of specific issues). It is also important to have regard to international law and precedents, which more often than not prove to have invaluable guidance when dealing with defences of this nature Key to the examination of the computer will be firstly to take photos or video footage of the scene and proceed with the process of the search seizure of the computer and any electronic devices, including floppy disks, cdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, memory stick, digital cameras, zip disks and hard drives. Look also for any photographs and or any magazines in the surrounding area. The collection of the volatile data to its completion will be t he next step followed by a decision whether to unplug the computer from the network of shut down the device. It will also be equally important to make copies of the hard disk, which will be used for analysis purposes whilst preserving the original information on the main computer or hard drive in its original form. In order to rebut some of these possible defences as indicated earlier it will important during the investigation or the analysis process to look at the following: How long does Mr Perver stay on the website; Check for evidence of any delete files; Check for evidence for files moved to the recycle bin; Check for evidence of temporary files downloaded from the internet; Check for additional evidence in the history folders; Investigate the likelihood of Mr Perver having an account on the internet, Investigate Mr Perverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge of the computer, Check whether any child pornographic material was retrieved form the cache, Check for hidden files that have been renamed, Check whether he has ever reported his discovery of child pornography to the police, Check his banking details for payment of his subscription to news groups to access child pornographic websites, Check emails sent and received relating to child pornography, Investigate the number of times the websites were visited, Investigate whether any thumbnail images have been manipulated or enlarged, Check for any evidence for any deletion and how often it is taking place, Investigate whether Mr Perver has a specific password, that allows him access to child pornographic websites , and Look for evidence of any attempt to delete cache. CONCLUSION In the light of what has been postulated above it is clear that Mr Perver accessed six child pornographic websites on 25/01/2015. Section 24 B (1) prohibits any act of possession and or access to child pornography. Mr Perver will therefore have to be charged with six counts of the contravention of Section 24 B (1)(a) for the possession of child pornographic material. In addition to that he can also be charged with six counts of the contravention of Section 24 (1)(c) in that he accessed six pornographic websites on the day in question. It is also respectfully submitted that based on his knowledge of the prohibited acts being carried out in that having accessed the six pornographic websites he became aware that prohibited acts of child pornography are taking place, but failed to report that to the police that he may also be charges with six counts of the contravention of Section 24 B (2)(a). It is respectfully submitted that it is highly unlikely that Mr Perver will unwittingly access six child pornography websites on the same day. The probabilities are that he knowingly and intentionally access these websites. ADMISSIBILITY The issue regarding the admissibility of evidence is a world- wide phenomenon. In the South African context, it is the State that bears the onus of proving the Accusedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. This entails presenting all relevant evidential material before the court. Critical to this exercise is the admissibility and evidential weight of the evidence that is being presented before court. Admissibility simply refers to the acceptance of the evidence. It is important when presenting evidence for one to made a determination as to the type of evidence one is dealing with, the reason why such evidence is being presented and how to present it. This determination will always have an effect on the admissibility requirement of such evidence. Evidential material may consist of oral evid ence, written, documentary and/or real evidence. The admissibility and evidential weight of electronic evidence is regulated by: i)Common Law; ii)Electronic Communications and Transactions Ac, 25 of 2002; iii)Criminal Procedure Act, 51 of 1977; iv)Law of Evidence Amendment Act, 45 of 1988. It is important as initially mentioned to decide when presenting electronic evidence whether it is being presented as real evidence or as documentary evidence, since the admissibility requirements of such evidence is not the same. DOCUMENT Both the common law as well as various other pieces of legislation including the Criminal Procedure Act provide us with a definition of what is a document. What is important to note is that amongst others they define a document in such a way that is has either an ordinary meaning or an extended meaning. (sections 1 and 221(4),(5) of CPA, section 33 of the Civil Proceedings Evidence Act, 25 of 1965. PLUS Case Law) DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATIO N A distinction has to be made between various types of documents since the requirements for admissibility varies depending on the type of a document. Documents may be classified as follows: i)Public documents; ii)Official documents (either public or private) and iii)Private documents. The general rule pertaining to documents is that one has to prove originality, authenticity and the truth of the contents but there are however exceptions to this rule in certain circumstances. There are however exceptions to the requirement of originality in certain circumstances under either the common law or some statutory provisions. When presenting a public document it is not necessary to prove the requirements mentioned above. Section 234 of the Criminal Procedure Act, regulates how an official document is to be presented in court. It needs to be mentioned at this stage that if it is a private official document, one still has to prove the truth of the contents. [1] 2003 (2) SACR 445 (CC) [2] Section 1 of the Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996 [3] Act 3 of 2009 [4] Section 24 B (i)(a)(c) [5] Snyman [6] Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 [7] Section 21 ( see also the following case law THINT (PTY) LTD v NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PERSECUTIONS AND OTHERS; ZUMA AND ANOTHER v NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS AND OTHERS 2008 (2) SACR 421 (CC); MINISTER OF SAFETY AND SECURITY v VAN DER MERWE AND OTHERS 2011 (2) SACR 301 (CC) [8] Act 25 of 2002